fa طراحی و روان‌سنجی ابزار دیداری درک خطر برای کودکان پیش‌دبستانی دارای اوتیسم: یک مطالعه توصیفی روانپزشكي Psychiatry پژوهشي Research <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_Hlk113374001"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">زمینه و هدف: </span></span></span></b></a><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بررسی توانایی درک خطر در کودکان دارای اوتیسم نیازمند وجود ابزارهای ساده و دیداری است. لذا </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">پژوهش حاضر با هدف ساخت و تعیین ویژگی&shy;های روان&shy;سنجی ابزار</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> دیداری</span></span></span><i> </i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">درک خطر در کودکان پیش‌دبستانی دارای اوتیسم انجام شد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مواد و روش&shy;ها:</span></span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> در پژوهش توصیفی حاضر، گروه نمونه شامل 82 کودک 3 تا 5 ساله دارای اوتیسم در سال 1399 در شهر تهران بودند. </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">برای طراحی این ابزار، محرک&shy;هایی که در پیشینه پژوهش به عنوان محرک&shy;های تهدیدآمیز و خطرناک معرفی و مورد استفاده قرار گرفته بودند، استخراج و بر اساس آن&shy;ها آزمون طراحی شد. </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به منظور بررسی روایی از روایی محتوایی، روایی همگرا و روایی </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">افتراقی</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> و جهت بررسی پایایی، از پایایی بازآزمایی و پایایی بین ارزیاب&shy;ها استفاده شد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یافته&shy;ها:</span></span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> نتایج نشان داد که بنا بر نظر متخصصان، ابزار از روایی محتوایی مطلوبی برخوردار است. ضریب همبستگی </span></span></span><i>Pearson</i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> بین نمره کودک در ابزار طراحی شده با نمره داده شده توسط مادر و مربی به توانایی درک خطر کودک و نمره کودک در آزمون اضطراب </span></span></span><i>&nbsp;Spence</i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به ترتیب</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> 63/0، 81/0 و 41/0</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بود که حاکی از روایی همگرای </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مطلوب </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;ابزار بود. هم&shy;چنین، </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">تفاوت معنادار بین کودکان عادی و اوتیسم، تأییدی بر روایی افتراقی ابزار بود (003/0=</span></span></span><i>P</i><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">). ضرایب همبستگی درون رده‌ای پایایی بازآزمایی و بین ارزیاب&shy;ها به ترتیب 81/0 و 71/0 به دست آمد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نتیجه&shy;گیری:</span></span></span></b> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یافته&shy;ها نشان داد که ابزار سنجش درک خطر ابزاری معتبر و روا برای سنجش درک خطر در کودکان پیش‌دبستانی دارای اوتیسم است و می&shy;تواند در پژوهش&shy;های روان&shy;شناختی و موقعیت&shy;های بالینی استفاده شود.</span></span></span><i></i></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">واژه‌های کلیدی:</span></span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> اوتیسم، درک خطر، روایی، پایایی</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:117%"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:-45.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><a name="_Hlk114425361"><b><span style="line-height:150%">Background and Objectives:</span></b></a><span style="line-height:150%"> Examining the ability of threat perception in children with autism requires simple and visual tools. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and determine the psychometric properties of the threat perception tool in preschool children with autism.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:-45.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="line-height:150%">Materials and Methods:</span></b><span style="line-height:150%"> In the present descriptive study, the sample group consisted of 82 children aged 3 to 5 years old with autism in Tehran in 2020. To design this tool, the stimuli identified and used in literature as threatening and dangerous stimuli were extracted and a visual tool was designed based on them. Content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were used to assess the validity of the tool. Reliability was examined by test-retest and inter-rater reliability.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:-45.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="line-height:150%">Results:</span></b><span style="line-height:150%"> The results showed that according to experts, the tool had a good content validity. The Pearson&rsquo;s correlation coefficient between the child&rsquo;s score in the designed tool and the score given by the mother and the teacher to the child&rsquo;s ability to perceive danger and threat, and the child&#39;s score in the Spence Children&rsquo;s Anxiety Scale were 0.63, 0.81, and 0.41, respectively, that indicated a good convergent validity. Also, the significant difference between normal and autistic children was a confirmation of the tool&rsquo;s differential validity</span> <span style="line-height:150%">(p=0.003). The intra-class correlation coefficients of retest and inter-rater reliability were obtained 0.81 and 0.71, respectively.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:-45.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="line-height:150%">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="line-height:150%"> The findings of the study showed that perception threat</span> <span style="line-height:150%">tool is a valid and reliable measure for assessing threat perception ability of preschoolers with autism and can be used as a useful tool in psychological research and clinical context.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:-45.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="line-height:150%">Key words:</span></b><span style="line-height:150%"> Autism, Threat perception, Validity, Reliability</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:-45.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="line-height:150%">Funding:</span></b><span style="line-height:150%"> This study did not have any funds. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:-45.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="line-height:150%">Conflict of interest:</span></b><span style="line-height:150%"> None declared. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:-45.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="line-height:150%">Ethical approval:</span></b><span style="line-height:150%"> The Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University approved the study (IR.SBU.REC.1398.023).</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:-45.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:2.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:-45.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="line-height:150%">How to cite this article:</span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"> Behzadpoor Samaneh, Akbari-Zardkhaneh Saeed, Pouretemad Hamidreza, Sardari Soheila</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Visual Tool of Threat Perception for Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Descriptive Study. </span></span><i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">J Rafsanjan</span></span></i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"> <i>Univ Med Sci</i> 2023; 22 (3): 227-42. [Farsi]</span></span> <b><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; اوتیسم, درک خطر, روایی, پایایی Autism, Threat perception, Validity, Reliability 237 242 http://journal.rums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2130-2&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Samaneh Behzadpoor سمانه بهزادپور s.behzadpoor@usc.ac.ir 6900319475328460054055 6900319475328460054055 Yes دانشگاه علم و فرهنگ، تهران Saeed Akbari zardkhaneh سعید اکبری زردخانه 6900319475328460054056 6900319475328460054056 No دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، Hamidreza Pouretemad حمیدرضا پوراعتماد 6900319475328460054057 6900319475328460054057 No دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، Soheila Sardari سهیلا سرداری 6900319475328460054058 6900319475328460054058 No دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران،