@article{ author = {Rezaeian, M. and Salem, Z. and Besharat, F. and Hadavi, M. and Vazirinejad, R.}, title = {Second self-appraisal on the Publication Process of Articles published in the Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (J RUMS) 2006-2011}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Continuous appraisal of the publication process of articles is warranted for developing future research activities. The aim of the present study was the determination of the publication process of articles published in the Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (JRUMS).   Materials and Methods : In this descriptive study, all published papers in the JRUMS through the years 2006-2011 were examined. Data collecting tool was a pre-designed checklist for the first self-appraisal which was based on the new strategies of editorial boards . A number of items were added to this checklist including: funding, conflict of interest, and ethical approval . Data were then analyzed by Chi- Square and independent t-tests.   Results: Out of 948 submitted articles, 208 articles (%22) had been published. The most frequent types of study was related to the descriptive ones (30.2%). Twenty seven (22.5%) of authors had received the acceptance letters six months after the submission of their articles.   Conclusion: Although the results indicated improvements in some areas, more cooperation among authors with referees and editorial staff is needed to reduce the acceptance time.   Key words: Publication process, Quality, Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences     Funding: This research was funded by Research Council of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: All the authors are among editorial team of JRUMS.   Ethical approval: It was not Necessary.     How to cite this article : Rezaeian M, Salem Z, Besharat F, Hadavi M.Vazirinejad R. Second self-appraisal on the Publication Process of Articles published in the Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (J RUMS) 2006-2011 . J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012 11(1): 1-10. [Farsi]  }, Keywords = {Publication process, Quality, Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1285-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1285-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mahmoodi, M. and Sayyadi, AR. and HosseiniZijoud, SM. and Hajizadeh, M.R. and KazemiArababadi, M. and Asadikaram, G.R. and Mirzai, MR. and Poladvand, V. and Sadeghi, A. and Shamsizadeh, A.}, title = {Survey on the Effects of Different Concentrations of Citrullus Colocynthis Fruit Powder on Some of the Blood Biochemical Factors in Normal and Diabetic Male Rats}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the different concentrations of Citrullus colocynthis fruit powder that its anti-diabetics effects had been reported, on some of blood glucose, cholesterol and TG in diabetic male rats.   Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 rats divided in 4 groups with 10 members. Three groups received the amounts of 1%, 2% and 5% concentrations of the Citrullus colocynthis fruit powder at the basal diet daily for 28 days and diabetic control group had basic diet without any Citrullus colocynthis. Blood sample were collected from eyes at the beginning and the end of the experiment then some biochemical factors were measured. Data analysis was performed using Paired t-test, and one-way ANOVA followed by multiple comparisons of Tukey test.   Results : Consumption of different concentration of Citrullus colocynthis fruit powder reduced significantly the plasma level of blood glucose, cholesterol and TG (p<0.05 ).   Conclusion : Citrullus colocynthis with concentrations used in this study suggested positive effect on the reduction of sugar and some lipids in diabetes disease. Compared with different concentrations, 5%, 1% and 2% concentrations of Citrullus colocynthis showed the most reduction in blood glucosd, cholesterol, and TG, respectively.   Key word : Diabetes mellitus, Citrullus Colocynthis, Rat     Funding : This study was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences .   Conflict of interest : None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study .     How to cite this article : Mahmoodi M, Sayyadi AR, HosseiniZijoud SM , Hajizadeh M.R, Kazemi Arababadi M, Asadikaram G.R , Mirzai MR, Poladvand V, Sadeghi A, Shamsi zadeh A, Hassanshahi G.H. Survey on the Effects of Different Concentrations of Citrullus Colocynthis Fruit Powder on Some of the Blood Biochemical Factors in Normal and Diabetic Male Rats . J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012 11(1): 11-20. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Citrullus Colocynthis, Rat }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {11-20}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1320-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1320-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Shahrokhi, N. and Khaksari, M. and Mohammadi, Gh.A. and Abassi, R. and Siahposht, A. and Mahmoodi, R.}, title = {Aquaporin 4 Expression and Protective Role of Sex Steroids on Trauma-Induced Brain Injury in Female Rats}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: The brain damage caused by trauma is the most common cause of death. The neuroprotection effects of estrogen and progesterone have been reported in numerous studies. In the present study, the role of different doses of sex steroids has been investigated on the aquaporin 4 protein concentration changes in brain tissue of ovariectomized (OVX) rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Materials and Methods: In this experimental interventional study, 140 female rats N-MRI were randomly divided into seven groups and each group group further subdivided into two subgroups as follows; sham group, ovariectomized sham group, vehicle, physiologic and pharmacologic estrogen at doses 33.3 µg/kg, and 1 mg/kg  respectively, physiologic and pharmacologic progesterone at doses 1.7 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg  group. TBI was induced for groups 3-7 by Marmarou method. Thirty minutes after TBI, the hormones were intraperitoneally injected. Parameters such as Evans blue content, and water content and aquaporin 4 concentration were determined 5h  and 24h after TBI respectively. Results: Compared to the vehicle group, physiologic and pharmacologic doses of estrogen could significantly diminish the aquaporin 4 expression and water content (p<0.01), and permeability of blood - brain barrier (p<0.001). While physiologic and pharmacologic doses of progesterone had a same effect as estrogen on brain water content (p<0.001), this effect was not observed on aquaporin 4 expression.  The brain Evans blue content at physiologic dose of progesterone was significantly lower than vehicle group, but it was higher at pharmacologic dose (p<0.001). Conclusion: We concluded that only physiologic and pharmacologic doses of estrogen reduced the aquaporin 4 expression  in OVX rats after TBI. Based on our results, estrogen may have a therapeutic effect on brain injury. Keywords: Estrogen, Progesterone, aquaporin 4 expression, Traumatic brain injury Funding: this research was funded by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical Approval: the Ethical Committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences approved the study. How to cite this article: Shahrokhi N, Khaksari M, Mohammadi Gh.A, Abassi R, Siahposht A, Mahmoodi R. Aquaporin 4 Expression and Protective Role of Sex Steroids on Trauma-Induced Brain Injury in Female Rats. J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012; 11(1): 21-34. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Estrogen, Progesterone, aquaporin 4 expression, Traumatic brain injury}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {21-34}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-3211-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-3211-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hashemi, Z. and Hadavi, M. and Rezaeian, M.}, title = {The Impact of Motivation on English Language Acquisition among Medical and Dentistry Students at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={  Background and objectives : Motivation is an important aspect of language acquisition. Researchers have classified motivation into two types of integrative and instrumental. Based on the importance of these two kinds of motivations, this study has been devised to determine the motivations of medical and dentistry students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences on language learning.   Materials and Methods: In this cross- descriptive study, 200 students of the dentistry and medical schools were chosen by random sampling in 2009. The data gathering method was the integrative and instrumental motivation scale of Gardner. The data were then analyzed using t test.   Results: Out of the participants 35.5% were dentistry and 64.5% were medical students: 44.8% were male, and 55.2% were female. The mean of the total points of the integrative motivation was 3.83, while the mean of the instrumental motivation was 4.21. Results indicated that the students had a high motivation and positive attitudes towards learning English. There was no statistical difference between the two types of motivations.   Conclusion: This study indicated that there is a high motivation among the medical and dentistry students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in learning English. Their motivation had also increased since the highschool period, therfore Students should be encouraged to become more motivated inorder to learn the English language fluently.   Keywords: Integrative, Instrumental, Motivation, Second Language, English Language, Students     Funding : This study was funded by Rafsanjan Univercity of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest : Non declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan Univercity of Medical Sciences approved the study.    How to cite this article : Hashemi Z, Hadavi M, Rezaeian M. Impact of Motivation on English Language Acquisition among Medical and Dentistry Students at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012 11(1): 37-46. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Integrative, Instrumental, Motivation, Second Language, English Language, Students }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-44}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1295-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1295-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mohammadzadeh, M. and Pajhhan, A. and Mirnajafizadeh, S.J. and Rakhshani, M.H.}, title = {Effects of the Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Anethum Graveolens L (dill) on Pentylenetetrazol-induced Seizures in Male Mice}, abstract ={  Effects of the Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Anethum Graveolens L (dill) on Pentylenetetrazol-induced Seizures in Male Mice     M. Mohammadzadeh [1] , A. Pajhhan1, S.J. Mirnajafizadeh [2] , M.H. Rakhshani [3]     Received: 13/10/2010 Sent for Revision: 13/11/2010 Received Revised Manuscript: 05/04/2011 Accepted: 26/04/2011     Background and Objectives : In this study, the effect of Anethum graveolens L. extract on pentylenetetrazol- (PTZ) induced seizures was investigated.   Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 110 male mice were included. Firstly, the maximum non-lethal doses for aqueous and alcoholic extract of Anethum graveolens L. were determined. Three doses of aqueous (250, 400, and 500 mg/kg) and four doses of alcoholic extracts (250, 1000, 2500, and 3500 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected 30 minutes before PTZ injection. All doses were lower than the non-lethal dose Seizure stage 1 latency (S1L), seizure stage 5 latency (S5L) and dead time latency (DTL) were recorded after PTZ injection in both control and treatment groups. One-way and two way ANOVA were applied for comparing the results of this study.   Results: Aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens L . at 500 mg/kg increased S1L, S5L and DTL significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). Concentration of 400 mg/kg was able to markedly increase only S1L and DTL (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively) and Concentration or 250 mg/kg had no any effects.   Injection of the alcoholic extract at concentrations of 1000, 2500 and 3500 mg increased S1L, S5L and DTL significantly. However, concentration of 250 mg/kg significantly increased only S1L and DTL (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). There was no significant between aqueous and alcoholic extract except in DTL.   Conclusion: The results indicated that the aqueous and alcoholic extractions of Anethum graveolens L. possibly have protective effects on nervous system and also decrease seizure induced by PTZ.   Key words: Seizure, Epilepsy, Pentylenetetrazol, Anethum graveolens, Mice     Funding: This research was funded by Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences approved the study.     How to cite this article : Mohammadzadeh M, Pajhhan A, Mirnajafizadeh S.J, Rakhshani M.H. Effects of the Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Anethum Graveolens L (dill) on Pentylenetetrazol-induced Seizures in Male Mice. J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012 11(1): 47-56. [Farsi]       [1] - Assistant Prof., Dept. of Physiology, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran   (Corresponding Author) (0571) 4446070, Fax:(0571) 4445648, E-mail: mohamad1353@gmail.com   [2] - Prof., Dept. of Physiology, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehranl, Iran   [3] - Academic Member, Dept. of Statistics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran}, Keywords = {Seizure, Epilepsy, Pentylenetetrazol, Anethum graveolens, Mice }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {45-54}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1287-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1287-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hokmollahi, F. and Rafati, H. and Riahi, H. and Hakimi, M.H. and Heydari, H. and Haghirosadat, F. and Azimzade, M. and Frotan, A. and Mossazade, S.A.}, title = {Investigation of the Antioxidant Activities and Determination of the Phenol Content of Fractional Extracts of Iranian Medicinal Mushroom Phellinus torulosus}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Phellinu s Quel is a large and widely distributed genus of the family Hymenochaetaceae under the class of Basidiomycetes with more than 359 species. The Phellinu s species have anticancer, antioxidant and antibacterial effects . Hitherto, 12 Phellinus species have been reported from the north of Iran. Due to their great medicinal effects and lack of investigation on Iranian species , this study was performed to investigate the host dispersal behaviour, macro- and micro-morphological properties of the species, and antioxidant activities. using the total methanol extract and it’s fractional extracts (chloroform, butanol and water extracts).   Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the macro- and micro-morphological properties of the species were determined using the total methanol extract and it’s fractional extracts (chloroform, butanol and water extracts). The antioxidant assays were then performed. The radical scavenging capacity of fractional extracts of this fungus were evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and Ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Also, the total phenol content (TPC) of each extract was measured using Folin-Ciocalteau method.   Results: The results indicated that the total methanol extract showed a significant antioxidant activity. Further fractionation indicated that the butanol fraction had a stronger activity than the total methanolic extract in both antioxidant assays. The effective concentrations of the different extracts (total methanol, chloroform, butanol and water), for scavenging of 50% of generated radicals (IC50), was 30.87±2.07, 87.22±2.56, 11.98±0.32 and 229.67±0.94 µg/ml, respectively.   Conclusion: The results showed that different extracts, especially butanol extract have high antioxidant activities which indicate the presence of active components in this fraction. Considering these great antioxidant effects and its low expense , it is recommended to use this fungus in more clinical trial researches and drug manufacturing industry.   Key words : Phellinus, Antioxidant effects, Phenolic compounds, Medicinal mushroom, Native of Iran     Funding : This research was founded by Shaheed Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: None declared.     How to cite this article: Hokmollahi F, Rafati H, Riahi H, Hakimi MH, Heydari H, Haghirosadat F, et al. Investigation of the Antioxidant activity and determination of total phenol content of medicinal mushroom, Phellinus torulosus fractional extracts from Iran. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2011 57-69. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Phellinus, Antioxidant effects, Phenolic compounds, Medicinal mushroom, Native of Iran }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {55-66}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1290-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1290-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Dehghan, A. and Ghavami, L. and Ghahramani, F. and Bazrafshan, M.R. and Namavar, S.}, title = {Prevalence of Depression and Its Relation with Their Performance in Larestan Rural Health Workers in 2010}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Depression is one of the most common mood disorder. On of the most important complications of this disease is loss of interst in activity. The aim of this study deals to depression in rural health workers in larestan and its relation with their performance.   Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study. The study population were include 99 rural health workers that working in larestan. They were participated conscious in the study. For data collect used a personal information and Beck Questionnaire. Also performance was measured by one Checklist supplied by the health experts. X2, Mann Withny, Spearman correlation coefficient and Linear regression were used.   Results: The prevalence of depression in rural health workers was 43.43%. Prevalence of depression in woman and single rural health workers was more than male and married rural health workers (P<0.05). Average performance scores in depressed health workers was 44.21±17.72 and other health workers was 57.84±17.46 (p<0.05) . Also, Linier Regression analysis showed that depression has an impact on the performance of health workers .   Conclusion: This study, showed that many of rural health workers have depression symptoms and this depression affects negative effect on their performances. And should effort to remove depression symptom in this group that will lead to better performance and will be to community health promotion.   Key word: Depression, Rural health workers, Beck test , prevalence     Funding: This research was funded by larestan health center.   Conflict of Interest: None declared .   Ethical approval: The Ethics committee of Shiraz University of Medical Science approved this study.     How to cite this article : Dehgha A, Ghavami L, Ghahramani F, Bazrafshan M.R, Namavar S. Prevalence of Depression and Its Relation with Their Performance in Larestan Rural Health Workers in 2010 . J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012 11(1): 81-6. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Depression, Rural health workers, Beck test , prevalence }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {79-84}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1292-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1292-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Asadpour, M. and Ghofranipour, F. and EftekharArdebili, H. and Niknami, Sh. and Hajizadeh, E.}, title = {Compliance with Standard Precautions among Nursing Care Workers}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Healthcare workers are at risk for occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens, including hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus via blood or bodily fluids. Accordingly, the standard precautions should be implemented in health-threatening circumstances. The purpose of this study was to improving compliance with the standard precautions among nursing care workers in the hospitals of Rafsanjan city. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, all 91 hospital nurses working at the hospitals of Rafsanjan city were included. Pre-designed questionnaires were distributed to the participants before, shortly after and 6 months after the training courses presented as group discussion, problem-based learning,  pamphlets and booklets. Data was analyzed by Friedman and repeated measure ANOVA. Results: Results showed that the mean age of the participants was 35.93±7.91. The mean scores of knowledge related to the standard precautions before, shortly after and 6 month after the training intervention were 22.60±3.16, 26.05±1.28 and 26.17±1.15 respectively.  Mean scores of attitude for these three time series were 44.28±4.41, 50.84±3.98 and 50.93±3.79 and finally these values for the compliance behavior were 30.77±4.84, 33.26±2.17 and 33.41±2.25 respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that training intervention had a positive effect on knowledge, attitude and compliance behavior of the nurses regarding the standard precautions. These findings may be applicable for development of similar training programs. Key words: Promotion of behavior, Standard precaution, Nursing care workers, Educational intervention Funding: This study was supported by Research institute for Islamic & Complementry Medicine of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Research institute for Islamic & Complementry Medicine of Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved the study. How to cite this article: Asadpour M, Ghofranipour F, Eftekhar Ardebili H, Niknami Sh, Hajizadeh E. Compliance with Standard Precautions among Nursing Care Workers: Short Repor. J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012; 11(1): 85-92. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Promotion of behavior, Standard precaution, Nursing care workers, Educational intervention}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {85-92}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-3210-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-3210-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ghalebi, S.R. and Hassanshahi, G.H. and TabatabaiNaini, S.A. and EsmaeiliNadimi, A. and Vazirinejad, R. and Rezaeian, M. and Shamsizadeh, A. and AkramiMohajeri, F.}, title = {Evaluation of the Changes Pattern in Serum Levels of SDF-1α and IP-10 in Dogs Animal Model of Experimental Myocardial Infarction}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Since chemokines expression is one of the most inflammatory responses to injury in the myocardium , this project was aimed to find out the pattern of expression of SDF-1 and IP-10 in dog model of experimental ischemia to extend the results of this model to clinical applications.   Material and Methods: In this experimental study eighteen male dogs aged (6 - 12 months), were randomized in three groups. 1: infarction , Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery (LAD) was ligated. 2: sham, received the same surgical procedure, excluding LAD ligation. 3: control, was held intact in the same condition. Blood samples were harvested 24 hours before operation, at the time of ligation, 2, 24 and 72 hours and 7 and 28 days after ligation in all groups and serum level of these chemokines was measured by means of ELISA test.   Results: In infarction group the serum level of IP-10 was significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) at the 2, 24 and 72 hours after MI and reached at peak after 2 hours. In this group, serum level of SDF-1 α at 24 and 72 hours and 7 and 28 days after MI was significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05). The peak of increase was seen in the 72 hours after MI.   Conclusion: U pregulation of angiostatic factors, such as IP-10, in the first few hours following injury may inhibit premature angiogenesis. Suppression of IP-10 synthesis during the healing phase may allow formation of the wound neovessels, whereas high plasma levels of SDF-1 α are clinically associated with start of angiogenesis activities.   Key word: SDF-1α , IP-10, Experimental MI, Dog, Chemokine   Funding: This research was funded by both Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Shiraz University.   Conflict of interest : None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethical Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study.     How to cite this article : Ghalebi S.R, Hassanshahi G.H, Tabatabai Naini S.A, Esmaeili Nadimi A, Vazirinejad, Rezaeian M, Shamsizadeh A, Akrami Mohajeri F. Evaluation of the Changes Pattern in Serum Levels of SDF-1α and IP-10 in Dogs Animal Model of Experimental Myocardial Infarction. J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012 11(2): 93-. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {SDF-1α , IP-10, Experimental MI, Dog, Chemokine }, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {93-102}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1354-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1354-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mashreghi, M. and Momtazi, F.}, title = {Comparison of the Antibacterial Effects of Various Concentrations of Alcoholic Extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis, Hypericum perforatum and Carthamus tinctorius on the Growth Phases of Esherichia coli O157}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Medicinal plants have many therapeutic properties including antimicrobial effects with minimum side effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects of alcoholic extracts of three medicinal plants Rosmarinus officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, and Carthamus tinctorius on the growth curve of E.coli O157 . This strain is one of the most dangerous bacteria among gasterointestinal pathogenic micro-organisms.   Material and Methods : Leaves and dried flowering branches of rosmary, hypericum and carthamus were used for preparing various concentrations (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 gr/ml) of alcoholic extracts. The antibacterial effects of these extracts against E.coli O157 were investigated utilizing well assay technique and spectrophotmetery. Statistical analysis was carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA).   Results : At the first three hours of the experiment, alcoholic extraction of rosmary had an inhibitory effect at all three concentrations comparing to the other two extracts. The hypericum extract showed the least effect at this stage. However, after the first stage of treatment, the reverse results were observed so that E.coli O157 had the lowest growth rate at the presence of hypericum extract.   Conclusion : Based on the findings of this study, rosmary extract had a stronger antimicrobial effect and the other two extracs did not have substantial antibacterial effect on E.coli O157 although, inhibition zones were previously determined. Further investigations in this regard may shed more light on the field of clinical applications af medicinal plants for treatment of infectious diseases.   Key words: Rosmarinus officinalis, Hypericum perforatum , Carthamus tinctorius, E.coli O157, Growth curve     Funding: This research was founded by Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.   Conflict of Interest : None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad approved the study .   How to cite this article : Mashreghi M, Momtazi F . Comparison of the Antibacterial Effects of Various Concentrations of Alcoholic Extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis, Hypericum perforatum and Carthamus tinctorius on the Growth Phases of Esherichia coli O157 . J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012 11(2): 103-14. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Rosmarinus officinalis, Hypericum perforatum , Carthamus tinctorius, E.coli O157, Growth curve }, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {103-114}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1356-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1356-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ghorashi, Z. and Kazemi, M. and Sayyadi, A.R. and NikbakhtNasrabadi, A.}, title = {Experience of Motorcycle Accident Victims: a Qualitative Study}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Road traffic accident is a global problem resulting globally deaths and injuries more than 50 million person a year .this problem is more considerable in countries with low or moderate income. Motorcyclists are responsible for a considerable part of road traffic accidents and are more vulnerable. The high rate of motorcycle accidents in rafsanjan specially cause to a high rate of mortality and mobility every year too.   studying on their own experiences of individuals is one approach for determining the reasons of accidents. This qualitative research carried out for achieving the reasons of motorcycle accidents in rafsanjan city.   Materials and Methods: this was a qualitative study by content analyze approach. Participants were 17 people consist of motorcycle drivers in streets, injured motorcycle drivers in hospital and their families, old car drivers, traffic wardens and nurses. Data were collected by semi organized interviews and by recording on cosset. Data were analyzed by coding categorizing.   Results: we extracted from interviews three major them for accidents reasons: motorcycle as entertainment tool, environmental and technical factors and economical and cultural factors.   Motorcycle as entertainment tool consists of minor themes: alcohol and drug abuse, racing and showing. Economical and cultural factors consist of minor themes: not adhere to laws, challenge with police, escaping of helmet and purchasing power. Environmental and technical factors consist of minor themes: ill favored climate, impaired motorcycle and neglecting motorcycles.   Conclusion: According to these results for decreasing the motorcycle accidents, it is necessary to do appropriate measures on creation and development suitable locations for motorcyclist entertainments, also on society culture promotion via medias and schools toward informing families and youths of accidents reasons and outcomes   Keyword: Victims, Motorcycle, Accident, Qualitative Study     Funding: This research was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Scinces.   Conflict of Interest: Not declared   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Scinces, approved the study.     How to cite this article : Ghorashi Z, Kazemi M, Sayyadi A.R, Nikbakht Nasrabadi A . Experience of Motorcycle Accident Victims: a Qualitative Study . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(2): 115-27. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Victims, Motorcycle, Accident, Qualitative Study }, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {115-127}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1355-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1355-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {SalariSharif, A. and Sattari, M. and Moradi, M. and Shahrokhabad, R.}, title = {Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Entrotoxin Genes A & B in Clinical Samples of the Patients Referring to the Medical Centers of Kerman and Rafsanjan Cities by PCR Technique}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Staphylococcus aureus is the positive gram coccus which is able to cause different kinds of infection in certain condition. The function of this bacteria is to provide the conditions for the invasion of it to the host with the secretion of different sorts of toxins such as entrotoxin. A and B entrotoxins have the most infections effect among these toxins. that’s why, this experiment for the has been conducted for the detection of entrotoxin genes A and B in clinical samples.   Materials and Method: This cross-sectional and descriptive study, which was conducted from September 2007 to August 2008. Two handred and forty clinical samples from wound, wound, blood, ear, nose, vomited secretions and urine were separation investigated (forty from each sample) and taken from the patients. then after the culture of the samples and conducting confirming biochemical tests, then they were assessed by Poly Chain Reaction technique.   Results: After the diagnosis of this bacteria and conducting objective test, from two hundred and forty samples examined throughout this study, fifty ones (20.83%) were infected by Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty seven cases (74%) of these infected samples were carrying both entrotoxin A and B genes. The frequencies of A and B genes were 11(22%) and 2 (4%), respectively.   Discussion: This study identified that 20.83% of the patients were carrying the pathogen as the source of infection. The detection of entrotoxin A and B genes, shows the most important role they have in bringing about superinfection.   Key words: Staphylococcus Aureus, Gene, Enterotoxins, PCR     Funding: This research was funded by Islamic Azad University Qom Branch.   Conflict of Interest: Not declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University Qom Branch approved the study.    How to cite this article : Salari Sharif A, Sattari M, Moradi M, Shahrokhabad R . Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Entrotoxin Genes A & B in Clinical Samples of the Patients Referring to the Medical Centers of Kerman and Rafsanjan Cities by PCR Technique . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(2): 128-36. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Staphylococcus Aureus, Gene, Enterotoxins, PCR }, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {128-136}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1357-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1357-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rezahosseini, O. and Seyedmirzaee, S.M. and Sayadi, A.R. and Sataei.Mokhtari, S.}, title = {Frequency of Irritable Bowel Syndrome among Students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 2008-2009}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder with unknown pathophysiology and a number of detrimental effects including leave of absence, seeking for medical treatment, and a poor quality of life. We evaluated the frequency of this syndrome among students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2008-2009.   Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 406 students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences were choosen by systematic sampling method. The collecting data tool was a self-administrated questionnaire which designed according to the RomeIII. Data were then analyzed by X2 test and t-Test.   Results: Of 274 completed and returned questionnaires, 175 (63.9%) belonged to female and 99 (36.1%) belonged to male with a mean age of 21.36 ± 2.3 years (± standard deviation). Sixteen (5.8%) students had IBS with common symptoms of pain or abdominal discomfort associated with a change in frequency of stool (12.4%). These symptoms were more significantly frequent in women than in men (p=0.015). No significant differences were obseved between the other demographic variables and the frequency of IBS.   Conclusion: The frequency of IBS was 5.8% in this study which was comparable to those reported from the other cities of Iran (4.2%-18.4%) or of developed countries and it was lower than the results from the developing countries.   Key words: Irritable bowel syndrome, Students , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences     Funding: This research was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of Interest: Non declared.   Ethical approval: Rafsanjan Medical University Ethics committee approved the study.     How to cite this article : Rezahosseini O, Seyedmirzaee S.M, Sayadi AR, Sataei Mokhtari S. Frequency of Irritable Bowel Syndrome among Students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 2008-2009 . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(2): 137-44. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Irritable bowel syndrome, Students , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences }, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {137-144}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1381-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1381-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rezaeian, M.}, title = {A Review on the Different Dimensions of Socially Accountable Medical Schools}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Nowadays, the necessity of revising medical education programs towards accountability for societies’ needs are extensively considered. Given the necessity of dealing with this issue in the medical education curriculum of our country, Iran, the aim of the present article was to determine the different dimensions of socially accountable medical schools.   Materials and Methods : In this review study, the Pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), Google scholar (http://scholar.google.com/) and Highwire (http://highwire.stanford.edu/) search engines were searched using “socially”, “accountable”, “medical” and “school” as the keywords. This search strategy retrieved 13 articles. Furthermore, it was tried that by altering the search strategy plus searching the reference lists of the retrieved articles, the most relevant and up-to-date articles were determined.   Findings and Discussion : Evidences suggest that a social accountable medical school is a school in which educational, research, health and medical care programs are revised based on the relevant priorities of a society including health requirements and ethical guidelines. Moreover, the selection criteria of academic members and students plus appraisal programs of medical schools are done in a way that accountability in front of society is considered at the center of attention.   Conclusion : Accountability in front of the societies' needs is one of the most important priority in revising medical education around the word. It is necessary that this goal is also adopted by other health sciences' schools.     Key words : Socially, Accountable, Medical, School     Funding : This study did not have any sources of funding.   Conflict of interest : The author is the editor-in-chief of the Scientific Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.    How to cite this article : Rezaeian M. A Review on the Different Dimensions of Socially Accountable Medical Schools. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(2): 159-72. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Socially, Accountable, Medical, School }, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {159-172}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1359-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1359-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Garedaghi, Y. and Shabestari-asl, S.A.}, title = {Contamination Rate of Toxocara Spp. Eggs In the Public Parks of Tabriz City: A Short Report}, abstract ={ Background and Objectives: The visceral larva migrans (VLM) is a syndrom observed in human infected with helminth eggs such as the Toxocara spp., that usually infects dogs and cats. Considering the risk factors involved in the occurrence of VLM, particularly important role of these animal populations, this study was conducted to investigate the contamination rate of Toxocara SPP. eggs in the public parks of Tabriz city, Iran.   Materials and Metods: In this cross-sectional study, 75 soil samples were collected from total existing public parks in Tabriz city from september 2008 to september 2009. Soil samples were collected from 4 distinct sites in the same area. The flotation material was analyzed under the light microscope.   Results: Toxocara SPP. eggs were found in 28 samples of total 300 taken samples from 75 public parks showed a contamination rate of 9.3%. The number of observed Toxocara eggs in each microscopic field was varied from 1-7.   Conclusion : Low rate of contamination with Toxocara SPP. eggs in Tabriz city's parks might be due to the lower dog population and cultural differences of this city compared to other cities of the world.   Key words: Toxocara ,Visceral larva migrans, Public Parks     Funding: This research was furded by Deputy Research of Islamic Azad University-Tabriz Branch.   Conflict of interest: Not declare.   Ethical approval: The ethics committee of Islamic Azad University-Tabriz Branch approved the study.     How to cite this article : Garedaghi Y, Shabestari-asl S.A. Contamination Rate of Toxocara Spp. Eggs In the Public Parks of Tabriz City: A Short Report. J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012 11(2): 173-78. [Farsi] .}, Keywords = {Toxocara ,Visceral larva migrans, Public Parks }, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {173-178}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1360-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1360-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Malakootian, M. and NekoieMoghdam, M. and Jannati, A. and PourshaabanMazandarany, M.}, title = {Determination of Lead Levels in Candy, Chocolate and Chewing Gum Existent in Kerman in 2009 and Compare it’s by FDA Standard: A Short Reaport}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Children are very sensitive against any heavy metal’s pollution in the food chain. Therefore, aggregation of high concentration of lead in their blood leads to anxiety. This study looks at lead levels in candy i chocolates and chewing gums which are subject to substantial consumption by children and to announce precautionary warnings where deemed necessary .   Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in summer 2009 . Different types of candies , chocolate s and chewing gums in the city of Kerman were chosen as sample s . For this purpose, 26 types of chocolate and candy in Kerman 78 and 24 varieties of the 8 brands of gum were prepared. After preparing the samples, their lead levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometer type flame model PMQ100-X Philips was measured. Descriptive data collected were reported as mean and standard deviation.   Results : Results showed that the minimum amount of lead in samples of chocolate and candy was 3.18 µg⁄g that was related to 4 samples of candy and chocolate made in Iran named Melody milk chocolate and Aydin Caroline chocolate, Neschfi Aydin candy and Honey Akvan candy . The maximum concentration of lead was 5.22 µg⁄g that was related to the fruit sample named Anata cherry candy . The average lead in all sample of chocolate was reported at 3.318 µg⁄g. The maximum amount of lead in gum sample was 27.20 µg⁄g that was related to the one Turkish gum named Relax and the least amount of lead (3.20 µg⁄g) was related to the South Korea gumes named Banana Orion and Lotte Spout and also Iranian gum named Avijeh. The average amount of lead in the samples of gum was 4.576 µg⁄g.   Conclusion: Since the total amount of lead in samples tested over the limit set by the Food and Drug Adminstration of America FDA (1 μg/g), it is therefore recommended that health care and more control be exercised to prevent the introduction of new products containing high lead concentration. Producers must further be made to comply with set standards and limits .   Key words: Lead, Candy, Chocolate, Chewing gum, Children, Kerman     Funding: This research was funded by Kerman University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethic committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences approved the study.     How to cite this article : Malakootian M, Nekoie Moghdam M, Jannati A, Pourshaaban Mazandarany M . Determination of Lead Levels in Candy, Chocolate and Chewing Gum Existent in Kerman in 2009 and Compare it’s by FDA Standard: A Short Reaport . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(2): 179-84. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Lead, Candy, Chocolate, Chewing gum, Children, Kerman }, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {179-184}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1380-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1380-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rezaeian, M.}, title = {How to Answer to the Comments of the Reviewers}, abstract ={  سخن سردبیر   Editorial   مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان   دوره یازدهم، شماره سوم ، مرداد و شهریور 1391، 186-185     چگونه به نظرات داوران پاسخ دهیم   How to Answer to the Comments of the Reviewers     محسن رضائیان [1]   M. Rezaeian     زمانی‌که نویسندگان، مقاله خود را جهت چاپ به مجله مورد نظرشان ارسال می‌کنند و در صورتی ‌که مقاله ارسالی در حیطه تخصصی مجله قرار داشته و مطابق با استانداردهای مجله به رشته تحریر در آمده باشد، جریان داوری شروع می‌گردد. معمولاً نتیجه داوری به یکی از سه صورت زیر، توسط سردبیر مجله به اطلاع نویسنده مسئول مقاله خواهد رسید:   1. پذیرش مقاله بدون پیشنهاد هیچ‌گونه تغییر   2. بازنگری مقاله و ارسال مجدد آن   3. رد مقاله   دریافت نتیجه اول بسیار به ندرت رخ می‌دهد. برای نمونه، تجربه سردبیری چهار ساله اینجانب نشان می‌دهد که حتی یک مقاله از مقالات ارسالی به مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، به چنین نتیجه‌ای دست نیافته است. دریافت نتیجه سوم نیز بسته به نوع مجله ممکن است که از کمتر از 10% تا بیشتر از 90% متغیر باشد.   مجلات بسیار معتبر، میزان مردود مقاله‌ای ( Reject Rate ) برابر با 90% دارند و در برخی از مجلاتی که مرور همتایان سردبیری را به طور جدی مورد لحاظ قرار نمی‌دهند و یا اینکه برای چاپ مقاله، اقدام به دریافت وجه می‌نمایند، تقریباً تمامی مقالات ارسالی به چاپ می‌رسند و فقط ممکن است که کمتر از 10% مقالات وارده رد شوند. با این وجود، برای بیشتر مجلات و از جمله مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، ‌میزان مردودی مقاله بالغ بر 50% می‌باشد. این نکته بدان معنی است که از هر دو مقاله ارسالی به مجله، تنها یکی از آن‌ها به زیور طبع آراسته خواهد شد.   نکته بسیار مهم این است که اگر نویسنده مسئول یا رابط یک مقاله، با نتیجه دوم یعنی بازنگری مقاله و ارسال مجدد آن روبه‌رو شد، دقیقاً چه کاری را باید انجام دهد تا مقاله وی مورد پذیرش قرار گیرد. متأسفانه، شواهد موجود نشان می‌دهند که بسیاری از نویسندگان به ویژه نویسندگان تازه‌کار، دقیقاً نمی‌دانند که در این مرحله چه کاری را باید انجام دهند، از همین رو، سخن سردبیری حاضر به تشریح این نکته مهم می‌پردازد.   در این مرحله، ضروری است که نویسنده مسئول مقاله پس از دریافت نتیجه داوری و تصمیم سردبیر مبنی بر تجدیدنظر و ارسال مجدد مقاله، ابتدا نظرات داوران را به دقت مورد بررسی و توجه قرار دهد. وی، همچنین باید این نظرات را برای سایر نویسندگان مقاله ارسال کرده و نظر آن‌ها را به دقت جویا شود. پس از شناخت دقیق نقطه نظرات داوران و درک نظر سایر همکاران، مرحله اقدام به تجدید نظر در متن مقاله، بر اساس نظر داوران فرا می‌رسد.   معمولاً نظرات داوران را می‌توان در دو بخش خلاصه نمود. بخش اول به آن نقطه نظراتی برمی‌گردد که انجام آن‌ها ضروری بوده و بر غنای مقاله خواهد افزود. این‌ها نظراتی هستند که حتماً باید در تجدیدنظر مقاله مورد توجه قرار گیرند. بخش دوم نظرات داوران هم به آن نکاتی بر‌می‌گردد که یا انجام آن‌ها ضروری نبوده و یا حتی ممکن است بر خلاف اهداف اولیه در نگارش مقاله باشند. این نظرات باید توسط نویسندگان، با کاربرد دلایل متقن علمی و در کمال احترام، پاسخ داده شوند و نویسندگان نشان دهند که چرا این نظرات، مبنایی برای انجام تغییرات در متن مقاله نداشته‌اند.   برای آنکه نویسندگان بتوانند جواب این‌گونه نظرات را به طور صحیح ارائه نمایند، آن‌ها باید پس از تجدیدنظر در متن مقاله، نامه‌ای را نیز خطاب به سردبیر مجله به رشته تحریر درآورند و در آن، به تک‌تک نقطه نظرات داوران پاسخ دهند. آن‌ها باید در این نامه ذکر نمایند که کدام یک از نقطه نظرات مبنای تغییر و تجدیدنظر در مقاله شده و این تجدیدنظر چگونه رخ داده است و کدام یک از نقطه نظرات نیز به دلایل علمی، مبنایی برای تجدید نظر در متن مقاله را فراهم نیاورده‌اند.   همچنین، توجه به این نکته بسیار ضروری است که هرگونه تجدیدنظری که در متن مقاله و بر اساس نظر داوران ایجاد می‌گردد باید به صورت زیرخط‌دار ( Underline ) از متن قبلی مقاله مجزا گردد تا داوران به هنگام مطالعه مجدد مقاله، به سهولت دریابند که کدامیک از قسمت‌های مقاله مورد تجدیدنظر قرار گرفته است.   نویسندگان باید در تجدیدنظر مقاله خود تمامی نقطه نظرات داوران را مورد توجه و پاسخ قرار دهند. در غیر این‌صورت، زمان بررسی مجدد مقاله به طول انجامیده و اصلاحات انجام نشده، مجدداً درخواست می‌گردد. این امکان هم وجود دارد که تغییرات اعمال شده از نظر داوران، کافی تشخیص داده نشده و در نتیجه مقاله رد گردد. نویسندگان همچنین نباید که زمان تجدیدنظر را خیلی طولانی نمایند. طولانی شدن روند تجدیدنظر توسط نویسندگان نه تنها سبب خواهد شد که جریان بررسی مجدد مقاله به تعویق افتد، بلکه موجب قدیمی شدن یافته‌های مقاله نیز می‌گردد که خود ممکن است منجر به رد شدن مقاله شود.   بنابراین، پس از تجدیدنظر منطقی در متن مقاله و در زمان معقول نویسندگان باید متن تجدیدنظر شده همراه با نامه‌ای که به تک‌تک نظرات داوران پاسخ داده شده است را به مجله ارسال نمایند. معمولاً مطالب ارسالی توسط سردبیر و یا دستیار وی به دقت مطالعه شده و برای بررسی نهایی به یکی از داوران ارسال می‌گردد. اگر نویسندگان مقالات، نکات مطرح شده در این سخن سردبیری را در متن تجدید نظر شده خود به دقت مورد توجه قرار داده باشند، می‌توانند امیدوار باشند که در کوتاه ترین زمان ممکن نامه پذیرش مقاله را دریافت خواهند نمود .   1- استاد گروه آموزشی پزشکی اجتماعی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان   7تلفن: 5234003-0391، دورنگار: 5225209-0391، پست الکترونیکی: moeygmr2@yahoo.co.uk}, Keywords = {Comments of the Reviewers }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {185-186}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1396-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1396-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Haddadi, S. and Marzban, Sh. and Khorramnia, S. and Rahnama, O.}, title = {Comparison of the Antiemetic Effects of Ondansetron, Metoclopramide and Dexamethasone in Children Undertaken Strabismus Surgery}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Post operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are important complications of surgeries causing an unpleasant experience for many patients and may lead to a delays in the discharge from hospital. Different medical and non-medical interventions are applied to prevent this problem. In this study, we compared the antiemetic effects of ondansetron, metoclopramide and dexamethasone in children undertaken strabismus surgey.   Materials and Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial study , 111 children belonging to ASA class I and II between the age group of 2–15 years old and scheduled for elective surgery of strabismus were Ethical approval and written informed consent forms were obtained . The participants were then randomly divided into three groups ondansetron, metoclopramide and dexamethasone. Dexamethasone was injected at the beginning of the operations, and the other two medicines were injected 30 minutes prior to the end of surgery. In the recovery wards, the frequency of nausea and vomiting and any therapeutic interventions for each patient were recorded at the following times 1h, 1-6h, 6-12h, and 12-24h post-op. The obtained data was ultimately analyzed by Chi - squared and Kruskall statistical tests.   Results : There was no significant differences among the three groups in terms of age, weight and sex. Patients in ondansetron group had the lowest frequency of PONV (7.8%) and the need for therapeutic interventions (3.6%). These values for dexamethasone group were 12.6%, 13.5% and for the metoclopramide group were 13.5%, 10.8% respectively.   Conclusion: Ondansetron is associated with a lower rate of PONV, more satisfaction, less expenditure, and less therapeutic interventions .   Key words: Strabismus, Post operative nausea and vomiting, Ondansetron, Dexamethasone, Metoclopramide    Funding: This research was funded by Guilan University Research Center, Guilan University of Medical sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Guilan University of Medical Sciences approved the study.     How to cite this article : Haddadi S, Marzban Sh, Khorramnia S, Rahnama O. Comparison of the Antiemetic Effects of Ondansetron, Metoclopramide and Dexamethasone in Children Undertaken Strabismus Surgery. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(3): 187-96. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Strabismus, Post operative nausea and vomiting, Ondansetron, Dexamethasone, Metoclopramide}, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {187-196}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1418-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1418-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Chemical Assessment of Active Ingredients and Anti-oxidant Effects of Trachyspermum Copticum\'s Seeds harvested in Yazd Province}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: rachyspermum copticum as a medicinal plant has many therapeutic properties including; anti-flatulence,  anti-emesis, anti- rheumatism and expectorant. The goal of this study was to identify the active ingredients and anti-oxidant effects of Trachyspermum Copticum's seeds harvested in Yazd province. Materials and Methods: The essence of the seeds was first extracted by Clevenger apparatus. The active components of the essence were then separated and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. The anti-oxidant effect was determined  by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ) test as  the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the total amount of phenolic components of the essence was quantified utilising the Follin-Ciocalteu method. Results: The results of this study revealed that thymol (64.9%) and γ-Terpinene (11.1%)  were the most prevalent components of the essence. Also, the anti-oxidant activity and the total amount of phenolic component of the essence were 0.711µg/ml-1  and 162.62 mg/g-1 resepectively. Conclusion: The result of this research indicated that the active ingrediebts of  native Trachyspermum copticum harvested in Yazd province were much higher than the ones found in Trachyspermum copticum harvested in other places. Key words: Trachyspermum Copticum, Therapeutic Effects, Seed essence, Antioxidant, active ingrediernts   Funding: This research was founded by Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical sciences, Yazd and Shahid Beheshty University of Tehran. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: There is no human patient sampling in this article.   How to cite this article: Haghiroalsadat BF, Vahidi AR, Azimzadeh M, Kalantar SM, Bernard F, Hokmollahi F. Chemical Assessment of Active Ingredients and Anti-oxidant Effects of Trachyspermum Copticum's Seeds harvested In Yazd Province. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012; 11(3): 197-206. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Trachyspermum Copticum, Therapeutic Effects, Seed essence, Antioxidant, active ingrediernts}, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {197-206}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5317-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5317-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Vazirinejad, R. and EsmaeiliNadimi, A. and Parvaresh, Y. and Rezaeian, M.}, title = {A Survey on the Most Important Life Aspects of Patients Suffering from Myocardial Infarction In Rafsanjan: A Historical Cohort Study Assessing Quality of Life}, abstract ={    Background and Objectives : The effect of diseases on the quality of life (QOL) of patients is due to the resulting temporary or permanent disability among patients. In this study, the effect of the myocardial infarction on the (QOL) of patients was measured and compared to the general population of Rafsanjan in order to recognize the most important aspects of patients life affected by the disease.   Material and Mthods: In this historical cohort study, a group of people who were matched based on age, gender, educational status, social class, living place, occupation and marital status in two different groups of MI (n=50) and healthy (n=50) people were studied. The level of quality of life was measured using SF-36 scale. Parametric (t-test) and non-parametric (Mann-Whitney U and X2 ) tests were used to compare groups where appropriate.   Results Proportion of people with undesirable quality of life among patients group was significantly greater than this value among the other group (P=0.001). Relative risk showed that suffering from MI significantly increases the probability of undesirable quality of life among people as 2.7 times greater (95%CI= 1.2-6.0).   Conclusion: Our findings showed that MI decreased the quality of life significantly. It seems that providing adequate interventions for most patients suffering from MI can improve the vital aspects of their lives.   Key words: Quality of life, Myocardial Infarction, Relative risk, Attributable risk   Funding: This research was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of intrest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Comittee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, approved the study.     How to cite this article : Vazirinejad R, Esmaeili Nadimi A, Parvaresh Y, Rezaeian M . A Survey on the Most Important Life Aspects of Patients Suffering from Myocardial Infarction In Rafsanjan: A Historical Cohort Study Assessing Quality of Life . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(3): 219-30. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Quality of life, Myocardial Infarction, Relative risk, Attributable risk }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {219-230}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1421-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1421-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Bakhtiyari, M. and Aghaie, A. and Delpisheh, A. and Akbarpour, S. and Zayeri, F. and Soori, H. and Salehi, M. and Arji, M.}, title = {An Epidemiologic Survey of Recorded Job-Related Accidents by Iranian Social Security Organization (2001-2005)}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Work-related injuries are considered as the third cause of mortality across the world and have been introduced as one of the health, social and economic risk factors amongst industrial and developing communities. The present epidemiologic survey aimed to assess the work-related accidents among Iranian workers who were insured by the Social Security Organisation .   Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study using recorded data on work-related accidents by the Social Security Organization of Iran. All obligatory insured workers and drivers who were injured during work times between 2001 and 2005 were included. Descriptive statistics were used to investigate and describe the data.   Results: Available data of 86437 work-related injured persons including 98.7% males were investigated. During the study years, work-related accidents incidents rates among insured were about 0.3%. Considering the frequency of insured workers and accidents happened, Qom, Ilam, Hamadan and Kurdistan provinces had the maximum work-related injuries per 1000 insured workers.   Conclusions: Occurrence pattern of occupational accidents in the country from different aspects of age, gender, accident cause, the kind of accident and etc, with other studies in the country and in other parts of the world are almost consistent.   Key words: Epidemiology, Work-related accidents, Iran, Social security organization     Funding: This study has been funded and supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Grant no. 13712.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved the study.     How to cite this article : Bakhtiyari M, Aghaie A, Delpisheh A, Akbarpour S, Zayeri F, Soori H, Salehi M, Arji M . An Epidemiologic Survey of Recorded Job-Related Accidents by Iranian Social Security Organization (2001-2005) . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(3): 231-46. [Farsi] }, Keywords = {Epidemiology, Work-related accidents, Iran, Social security organization }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {231-246}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1429-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1429-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Shojaedin, S.S. and Sahebozamani, M. and Mehrabian, H.}, title = {Knee Joint Osteoarthritis in Retired Professional Athletes and Non- athletic Persons}, abstract ={ Background and Objectives : Physical activities have been recently recommended for the prevention of some chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis. However, the detrimental effects of severe physical activity on musculoskeletal system of athletes are still under debate. The current study aimed to compare the following parameters between retired professional athletes and non-athletic persons radiographic grading scales of osteoarthritis of the knee joint, arthralgia, musculoskeletal dysfunctions during excercise , daily living or recreation activities , and life quality. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 60 retired professional sportsmen aged 50-65 years involved in football, wrestling, and track and field sports with the same number of age-matched non-athletic controls were included. The participants were then divided into four equal groups of 15. The gathering data tools were as follows Clinical diagnosis and radiological findings confirmed by an orthopedic surgeon . The globalized and localized questionnaire of Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was used as the data gathering tool. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post Hoc (Tuky) test were used to analyze the data.  Results: The four above-mentioned groups had a significant difference regarding the following parameters radiographic grading scales of the knee osteoarthritis (p=0.001), knee pain (p<0.001), symptoms (p<0.001), dysfunction in daily living (p<0.001) recreational activities (p<0.001) and quality of life (p<0.001). Groups of football, wrestling, track and field sports and non- athletic persons had a higher score than the average in radiographic grading scales of knee osteoarthritis respectively, while they possessed a lower score for the other variables.  Conclusion: Professional sports may cause a higher risk of knee osteoarthritis particularly in sports which required a combination of strength and endurance activities than the endurance only sports.  Key words: Knee Osteoarthritis, Retired Professional Athletes, Non-Athletic Persons    Funding: This study did not have any funds.   Conflict of interest : None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Kharazmi University of Kharazmi approved the study.     How to cite this article : Shojaedin S.S, Sahebozamani M, Mehrabian H. Knee Joint Osteoarthritis in Retired Professional Athletes and Non- athletic Persons. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(3): 247-58. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Knee Osteoarthritis, Retired Professional Athletes, Non-Athletic Persons}, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {247-258}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1432-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1432-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mirzaei, V. and Sayadi, A.R. and Bakhshi, H. and HasaniMoghadam, V.}, title = {Comparison of Depression in Patients with Irritable bowel Syndrome and Healthy Patients Referring to Internists Offices in the City of Rafsanjan in Summer 2011}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a bowel dysfunction. Given that psychological variables play a decisive role in creating and maintaining the physical condition of the patients, the purpose of this study was designed to investigate and compare the rates of depression in patients with IBS and healthy ones.   Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 patients with IBS and 100 healthy patients who referred to Internists Offices participated in this study. After collecting demographic data and completing the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck), clinical psychiatric interview about them was done. Then, the information collected for statistical tests were analyzed with SPSS software and t-test, chi-square and one-way analysis.   Results : From the total of 100 patients, 38 males and 62 females were allocated in both case and control groups, The present study showed that the severity and prevalence of depression in patients with IBS was more than in the common population (p= 0.037), and depression was higher in more educated patients, older age, long duration of illness, and also in governmental personnel and university students.   But in healthy group, in those who were low educated, older age, and among housewives the rate of depression was higher. In both groups, sex factor did not have prominent role.   Conclusion: The results showed that depression in patients with IBS is more severe and prevalent than in healthy individuals. Therefore, in treatment of patients with depression special attention should be paid to the severity and prevalence of depression.   Keywords: Irritable bowel syndrome  depression Rafsanjan     Funding: This study did not have any funds.   Conflict of interest : None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Kharazmi University of Kharazmi approved the study.     How to cite this article : Mirzaei V, Sayadi AR, Bakhshi H, Hasani Moghadam V. Comparison of Depression in Patients with Irritable bowel Syndrome and Healthy Patients Referring to Internists Offices in the City of Rafsanjan in Summer 2011 . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(3): 259-68. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Irritable bowel syndrome ; depression; Rafsanjan }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {259-268}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1439-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1439-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sayadi, A.R. and Asadpour, M. and Shabani, Z. and Sayadi, M.H.}, title = {Pharmaceutical Pollution of the eco-system and Its Detrimental Effects on Public Health}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Pharmaceutical pollution of the eco-system is a life-threatening problem cuasing great concerns for health researchers. Pharmaceutical pollution of drinking waters and its adverse side-effects on public health has been recently reported in the developed countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the different aspects of bio-environmental side effects of pharmaceutical pollutions mentioned in online resources and websites .   Materials and Methods: For this review study, the main key words of "Pharmaceutical" and "pollution" were searched through Google scholar search engine, Springer and Elsevier sites. By altering the research strategy, the most up-to-date references, articles, books and related subjects focusing on different cities of our country, Iran, were retrieved.   Results: The findings of this search showed that large amounts of chemical sewage is released into the environment by pharmaceutical factories. The other sources of contamination are as folows: expired and unused drugs, and excreted pharmaceutical metabolites formed during drug metabolism in humans and animals. Unfortunately many researches confirmed that the conventional water treatment processes are not effective for reasonable purification of drinking waters. Additionally, due to the long half-life of some drugs especially antibiotics, the risks of drug resistance, mutagenic effects on microorganisms and other cells, and their environmental accumulation are high and may lead to hazardous consequences. So more studies in this field are warranted.   Key words: Pharmaceuticals pollutions, Environment, Drug resistance, Public health     Funding: This study was funded by Rafsanjan Univercity of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan Univercity of Medical Sciences approved the study     How t o cite this article: Sayadi A.R, Asadpour M, Shabani Z, Sayadi M.H. Pharmaceutical Pollution of the eco-system and Its Detrimental Effects on Public Health. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(3): 269-84. [Farsi]}, Keywords = { Pharmaceuticals pollutions, Environment, Drug resistance, Public health }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {269-284}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1435-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1435-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {PourNamdar, Z. and Khamarnia, M. and RazaviAmin, M.}, title = {Effects of Training Course on the Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Risk Factors and Preventive Methods of Osteoporosis in Female High School Students in Shiraz – Iran: (Short Report)}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Osteoporosis is generally a disease of adulthood which may originate during childhood and adolescence. However despite the increasing emphasis on the prevention of osteoporosis among adults, it seems that similar efforts for children and adolescents have been limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of training program on knowledge and attitudes towards the risk factors and preventive methods of osteoporosis in female high schools students in Shiraz.   Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental and pre-post test designed study, 537 female high school students of Shiraz city were selected by a stratified random sampling method and were then randomly divided into control and experimental groups. After pre-test, the experimental group participated in a training program based on the Health Belief Model. The knowledge test and health belief scale were used to obtain data for the pre- and post- tests. Mean score of knowledge and health belief subscales of each group were analyzed by paired t test and the pre- to post-test changes of the two groups were analyzed by independent t test.   Results: The results of the study revealed that there were significant differences between the two groups in the all parameters (p=0.001) except for the advantages of calcium consumption.   Conclusion : Primary prevention and training programs based on health belief model is effective in promoting student knowledge and attitudes about the prevention of this disease.   Key words: Education, Knowledge, Attitudes, Osteoporosis , Health Belief Model     Funding : This research was funded by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of Interest: None declared.   Ethical approval : The Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences approved the study .     How to cite this article : Pour Namdar Z, Khamarnia M, Razavi Amin M . Effects of Training course on the Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Risk Factors and Preventive Methods of Osteoporosis in Female High School Students in Shiraz – Iran: (Short Report) . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(3): 285-92. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Education, Knowledge, Attitudes, Osteoporosis , Health Belief Model }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {285-292}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1436-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1436-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Jarge, M. and Yalfani, A. and Nazem, F. and Jarge, M.}, title = {Survey on the Efficacy of Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs on Anxiety and Depression Control in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients (Short Report)}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Cardiovascular diseases are usually associated with high rates of mortality and morbidities , lack of self-reliance, and depression and anxiety for the patients and their families. Cardiac rehabilitation program is a well-established program which may lead to relieving depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cardiac rehabilitation programs on depression and anxiety control in patients who had undergone Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Iran .   Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 60 patients selected by non -probability sampling method (46 male and 14 female) after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale and demographic questionnaire were instruments for collecting data in the present study. Patients participated in 12-week cardiac rehabilitation programs consisted of two hourly sessions per week in Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Hamedan. SPSS software version 16.0 was used for analysis of the data. Differences in the scores of depression and anxiety before and after cardiac rehabilitation programs were tested using paired t test. All P-values were considered significant at level 0.05.   Results: Significant reductions were observed in depression and anxiety after 12 weeks of Rehabilitation (p=0.001). No significant differences was found between men and women in terms of anxiety and depression after this period. The results also indicated that there was no significant relationship between levels of education, marital status with anxiety and depression between men and women.   Conclusion : These findings suggest that cardiac rehabilitation may be an effective intervention for releiving depression and anxiety after CABG.   Key words: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery, Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Depression, Anxiety     Conflict of intrest: None declared.   Funding: This research was funded by Buali Sina Univerity of Hamedan.   Ethical approval: The Comittee of Buali Sina Univerity of Hamedan approved this study.     How to cite this article : Jarge M, Yalfani A, Nazem F, Jarge Ma . Survey on the Efficacy of Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs on Anxiety and Depression Control in Coronary Artry Bypass Grafting Patients (Short Report) . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(3): 293-298. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery, Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Depression, Anxiety }, volume = {11}, Number = {3}, pages = {293-298}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1448-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1448-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rezaeian, M.}, title = {How to Write a Covering Letter}, abstract ={  سخن سردبیر   Editorial   مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان   دوره یازدهم، شماره چهارم ، مهر و آبان 1391، 300-299     چگونه یک سرنامه بنویسیم   How to Write a Covering Letter     محسن رضائیان [1]   M. Rezaeian     مقالاتی که به منظور بررسی و چاپ به مجلات علمی- پژوهشی ارسال می‌گردند، باید همراه با نامه آغازینی باشند که معمولاً به آن سرنامه یا Covering letter می‌گویند. این نامه که خطاب به سردبیر مجله مورد نظر نوشته می‌شود، در برگیرنده نکات بسیار مهمی است که نویسندگان در خصوص مقاله خود باید به آن‌ها اشاره نمایند. توضیح دقیق این نکات به بررسی صحیح‌تر، دقیق‌تر و سریع‌تر مقاله خواهد انجامید. مهم‌ترین نکاتی که نویسندگان باید در سرنامه خود به آن اشاره نمایند، عبارتند از:   1. نوع مطالعه و قسمتی از مجله که این مقاله برای آن تهیه شده است. مقالات به انواع گوناگونی تقسیم می‌گردند. اما شاید از یک دیدگاه بتوان مقالات را به پنج نوع مهم: نامه به سردبیر ( Letter to the Editor )، گزارش مورد یا گزارش موارد ( Case Report/Series )، مقالات مروری ( Review article )، مقالات پژوهشی ( Research article ) و ادیتوریال ( Editorial ) تقسیم نمود. چنانچه نویسندگان یک مقاله در سرنامه خود به نوع مقاله اشاره نمایند، مقاله مورد نظر، مراحل بررسی و تخصیص اولیه خود را به سرعت و سهولت بیشتری پشت سر خواهد گذاشت.   2. توضیح در خصوص اصیل بودن ( Originality ) مقاله و ذکر این نکته که آیا مقاله‌ی دیگری که به هر نحو مرتبط با مقاله حاضر باشد، توسط نویسندگان، همزمان به مجله دیگری ارسال شده است و یا اینکه آیا نویسندگان، مقاله مرتبطی را قبلاً در مجله دیگری به چاپ رسانیده‌اند. گاهی اوقات این امکان وجود دارد که اعضای یک تیم تحقیقاتی، از یک کار پژوهشی بزرگ خود، بیشتر از یک مقاله تهیه نمایند، در این صورت ،آن‌ها باید علاوه بر این که در متن مقالات تهیه شده به این نکته مهم   اشاره می‌نمایند، در سرنامه خود نیز به سردبیر مجله مورد نظرشان اعلام کنند که مقاله حاضر با کدام مقاله قبلی و یا احتمالاً بعدی آن‌ها ارتباط پیدا می‌نماید.   3. توضیح در خصوص میزان مشارکت ( Contribution )، با توجه به مسائل و مشکلاتی که تحت عنوان مناقشه و یا جر و بحث نویسندگی ( Authorship dispute ) رخ داده و معمولاً گریبان اغلب مجلات را می‌گیرد، ضروری است که نویسنده مسئول، از همان ابتدا ذهن سردبیر را نسبت به میزان مشارکت دقیق هر یک از نویسندگان مقاله روشن نماید و در این خصوص توضیحات لازم را در سرنامه ارائه کند. ذکر این توضیحات دقیق، باعث اطمینان خاطر سردبیر خواهد شد که تمامی نویسندگان، حائز شرایط نویسندگی بوده و احتمالاً نام نویسنده‌ای نیز از قلم نیفتاده است. به علاوه، در صورت پدید آمدن هر گونه مناقشه نویسندگی در آینده، سردبیر می‌تواند با استناد به مطالب مندرج در سرنامه، نسبت به حل و فصل مناقشه ایجاد شده، اقدام نماید.   4. توضیح در خصوص اینکه آیا تمام نویسندگان متن نهایی مقاله را مورد مطالعه و تأیید خود قرار داده‌اند. از آن جایی که به هنگام تهیه یک مقاله و قبل از ارسال آن به مجله، ممکن است نسخه‌های اولیه مورد تجدید نظر و اعمال تغییرات قرار گیرند، ضروری است که نسخه نهایی مقاله قبل از ارسال به مجله، توسط تمامی نویسندگان مطالعه و تأیید شود. این نکته سبب خواهد شد تا نه تنها نسخه صحیح و عاری از خطایی به مجله ارسال گردد، بلکه از بروز مشکلات بعدی، نظیر مخالفت یکی از نویسندگان با مطالب مندرج در مقاله نیز جلوگیری می‌نماید.   5. نام، نام فامیل، آدرس دقیق و شماره تلفن ثابت و همراه، شماره دورنگار و پست الکترونیکی نویسنده رابط ( Corresponding author )، از نکات بسیار مهمی است که در سرنامه باید به آن اشاره گردد. این جزئیات، برای مکاتبات و تماس‌های بعدی بسیار ضروری بوده و سبب خواهد شد تا مراحل بررسی اولیه و داوری یک مقاله و نتایج حاصل از آن‌ها به سهولت بیشتری در اختیار نویسنده رابط قرار گیرد. متأسفانه، شواهد موجود نشان می‌دهند که بسیاری از مقالات، صرفاً به خاطر عدم ارائه دقیق آدرس و شماره تلفن تماس و پست الکترونیکی یا به کندی مراحل بررسی خود را پشت سر می‌گذارند و یا اینکه بطور کلی از گردونه بررسی خارج می‌شوند.   6. احتمال وجود هرگونه تعارض در منافع ( Conflicts of Interest ) از طرف هر یک از نویسندگان، نکته بسیار مهم دیگری است که می‌باید در سرنامه به آن اشاره نمود. از آنجایی که تعارض در منافع، چه در شکل اقتصادی آن مانند وابستگی اقتصادی به یک شرکت دارویی و چه در شکل غیر اقتصادی آن نظیر نگرش‌های ایدئولوژیک نویسندگان، می‌تواند تأثیر بسیار زیادی بر یافته‌های یک مطالعه داشته باشد، ضروری است تا نویسندگان به احتمال وجود هرگونه تعارض در منافع اشاره نموده و به سردبیر اجازه دهند تا میزان تأثیر این قبیل تعارضات را شخصاً برآورد نماید.   7. بالاخره، ضروری است که در انتهای سرنامه، کلیه نویسندگان نسبت به امضاء نامه اقدام نمایند تا جنبه رسمی آن حفظ گردیده و مطالب مندرج در آن، مهر تأیید نویسندگان را به همراه داشته باشد.   از آنجایی‌که نوشتن سرنامه برای نویسندگان ایرانی به ویژه به منظور ارسال مقالات فارسی به مجلات داخلی هنوز به شکل یک عادت حسنه در نیامده است، توصیه می‌شود تا نویسندگان محترم و فرهیخته برای جامه عمل پوشاندن به این نکته بسیار مهم و ارزشمند، از هیچ کوششی دریغ ننمایند   1- استاد گروه آموزشی پزشکی اجتماعی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان   تلفن: 5234003-0391، دورنگار: 5225209-0391، پست الکترونیکی: moeygmr2@yahoo.co.uk}, Keywords = {Covering Letter}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {299-300}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1463-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1463-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Salari, Z. and Mirzaei, S. and Ravari, A. and Mirzaei, T.}, title = {The Comparison between Vaginal Progestrone and Isoxuprine Tab on Duration of Latent Phase after Controled Preterm Labor}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Preterm labor affects 8 – 10% of pregnancies. Many drugs have been used to manage preterm labor. This study was done to compare the effect of ‘Progesterone vaginal suppository’ with ‘Isoxuperine oral tablet’ used to prolong latent period after controlling preterm labor.   Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 100 pregnant women with preterm labor pain admited to Afzalipoor Hospital-kerman were assessed. After their contractions was controlled, patients were divided in two groups, randomly. First group was prescribed progesterone supp. 400 mg daily and the other isoxuperine tab 10 mg TDS. They were followed to compare the effectiveness and side effects of the drug. Statistical analyses were done by independent t-test and chi-square.   Results: The two groups were equal in average time between latent phase and labor, gestational age at the time of labor, preterm labor recurrence, birth weight, admission in NICU and neonatal jaundice. In the group which used progesterone, no side effects were observed, in isoxuperine group 11.6% suffered side effects. But a significant difference was not found in the side effects (p= 0.058).   Conclusion: Based on our results and because of lower maternal side effects of vaginal progesterone, it seems that vaginal progesterone could be a better choice for maintenance therapy after preterm labor arrest.   Key words: Preterm labor, Progesterone vaginal suppository, Isoxuperine tablet, Latent phase     Funding: This research was funded by Kerman University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Etical approval: The Ethics committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences approved the study by number: K/88/169.     How to cite this article : Salari Z. Mirzaei S, Ravari A, Mirzaei T. The Comparison between Vaginal Progestrone and Isoxuprine Tab on Duration of Latent Phase after Controled Preterm Labor . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(4): 301-12. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Preterm labor, Progesterone vaginal suppository, Isoxuperine tablet, Latent phase }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {301-312}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1450-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1450-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Gharavi, M.J. and Nobakht, M. and Khademvatan, Sh. and Bandani, E. and Roozbehani, M. and Bakhshayesh, M. and SamadiKoochaksaraei, A.}, title = {The Effect of Garlic Extract on Expression of IFN-γ and iNOS Genes in Macrophages Infected with Leishmania Major}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : The protozoa of leishmania lead to cutaneus and visceral leishmaniasis. Activation macrophages phagocyte parasites and this mechanism can be done with production of active radicals oxygen and nitric oxide, That is done through immunomodulator , as a basic process for production of the new drug. In this study, the effect of garlic extract as an immunomodulator on J774 cells infected with Leishmania major and iNOS gene expression and IFNγ has been investigated.   Materials and Methods: Leishmania major promastigotes (MRHO/IR/75/ER) were added to the in-vitro cultured macrophages (J774 cells) and these cells were incubated for 72 hours.Various concentrations of garlic extract( 9.25-18.5-37-74-148 mg/ml) were added to the infected cells . MTT assay was applied for cellular prolifration. After 72 hours of incubation, supernatants were collected and total RNA was extracted from the infected cells. The expression of IFNγ and INOS genes were studied by RT-PCR method. Untreated sample with garlic was used as control. All the experiments were repeated at least three times, and representative results were analyzed. Statistical significance (P < 0.05) was analyzed by Student’s t-test using SPSS version16.   Results: The result of this study, using MTT method showed that, the IC50 concentration of garlic extract was 37 mg/ml. Also the expression of IFNγ and iNOS genes by RT-PCR indicated that garlic extract lead to rise of expression of these genes in the J774 cells infected with L.major.   Conclusion: Based on the findings and importance of the cellular immunity cytokines in developing and importance of the responses, the hypothesis that the effect of AGE in cellular immunity is due to rising the IFNγ cytokines and expression of iNOS genes is confirmed.   Key words: Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE), IFNγ and iNOS genes, Leishmania major, J774 cell line   Funding: This study was supported by Research Institute for Islamic & Complementry Medicine of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Research Institute for Islamic & Complementry Medicine of Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved the study.   How to cite this article : Gharavi MJ, Nobakht M, Khademvatan Sh, Bandani E, Roozbehani M, Bakhshayesh M, Samadi Koochaksaraei A . he Effect of Garlic Extract on Expression of IFN-γ and iNOS Genes in Macrophages Infected with Leishmania Major. J Rafsanjan Univ Med scie 2012 11(4): 313-22. [Farsi] .}, Keywords = {Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE), IFNγ and iNOS genes, Leishmania major, J774 cell line }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {313-322}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1451-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1451-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Kadkhodaeikhalafi, M. and DabidiRoshan, V.}, title = {Effect of 2-Aminoethanesulfonic Acid on Serum Level of the Lipid and inflammatory Indexs in Cardiac Patients Reffering to Loghman Hakim Center after Bruce Protocol}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Recent studies the reverse relation between 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid concentrations and cardiovascular risk factor was investigated in animal models, the effect of 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (2-AESA) supplementation on lipid and inflammatory profile in humans, particularly have been poorly investigated in patients with Cardiac heart failure (CHF) following Bruce protocol. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the 2-AESA supplementation on the lipid and inflammatory profile in patients with CHF after Bruce protocol.   Materials and Methods : In this clinical trial study sixteen male patients between 50 to 65 years, were randomly divided into the 2-AESA and placebo groups. The 2-AESA group received 1.5 gr., 3 times a day in 500 milligram capsules and at the same time, the placebo group useed the starch capsules for two weeks. The plasma 2-AESA, lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C), C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and heart rate were measured before and after the 2-AESA supplementation and Bruce protocol by using standard methods. Data was analyzed by using dependent and independent t-student tests.   Results : The 2-AESA supplementation for 2 weeks increased the plasma 2-AESA concentration(p< 0.001), and therefore decreased CRP (p=0.031), TC (p=0.024), LDL-C (p=0.042) and increased HDL-C (p=0.046) concentrations in comparison with placebo group. In addition, performing Bruce protocol following the 2-AESA supplementation showed a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and heart rate levels in comparasion with placebo group (p=0.029, 0.020 and 0.048, respectively).   Conclusion : These data indicate the hypolipidemia and anti-inflammatory roles of the 2-AESA supplementation in patients with CHF after a standard activity. Therefore, the consumption of 2-AESA can be recommended to people with CHF as a preventive nutrition strategy.   Key words: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic Acid, Lipid Profile, Antioxidants, Cardiovascular risk factors, Bruce Protocol.   Funds: The required fund was allocated by personal contribution.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Etical approval: The Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, approved the study .   How to cite this article : Kadkhodaei khalafi M, Dabidi Roshan V. Effect of 2-Aminoethanesulfonic Acid on Serum Level of the Lipid and inflammatory Indexs in Cardiac Patients Reffering to Loghman Hakim Center after Bruce Protocol . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(4): 323-336. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {2-Aminoethanesulfonic Acid, Lipid Profile, Antioxidants, Cardiovascular risk factors, Bruce Protocol}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {323-336}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1460-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1460-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Relative Frequency of Mood Disorders in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Comparison with Control Group}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most prevalent functional disorders of the digestive system with unknown causes. Reasearches have indicated that there is a relationship between IBS and mood disorders. The aim of this study was evaluation of the relative frequency of major depression disorder and bipolar spectrum in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in comparison with control group. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross- sectional study was performed on 137 patients who were referred to a digestive clinic in Isfahan Nour hospital and had digestive complains in accordance with known cases of IBS based on ROM III criteria. Also, a control group (without digestive problems) was selected that consisted of 137 individuals. The two groups filled out Beck and MDQ questionnaires for the purpose of diagnosis depression and bipolar disorders respectively. Results: Relative frequency of major depression disorder in IBS patients was 78 persons (57%) which, compared with 44 persons (32%) in the control group indicated a considerable significant difference (p<0.001). Also, the relative frequency of bipolar disorders in the affected group was 30 persons (21.9%) versus 10 persons in the control group (7.3%) which, regarding p=0.001, indicates a considerable difference. Conclusion: Regarding the results obtained, there is a considerable relationship between irritable bowel syndrome and mood disorders. The results indicate that cooperation between gastroenterologists and psychiatrists is an essential need for managing the irritable bowel syndrome. Key word: Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Major depressive Disorder, Bipolar Spectrum   Funding: This research was funded by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approvel: The Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences approved the study.   How to cite this article: Daghaghzadeh H, Afshar H, Mazaheri M, Kouchakzadeh M. Relative Frequency of Mood Disorders in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Comparison with Control Group. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012; 11(4): 337-46. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Major depressive Disorder, Bipolar Spectrum}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {337-346}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5315-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5315-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Frequency of Acute Stress and Post-Traumatic Disorder in Traffic –Related Injured Patients, Hospitalized in Porsina Hospital Rasht, Iran 2010}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Traffic accidents kill 1.2million people and injure more than 50 million people annauall. surviving traffic accidents victims get not only physical problems but also suffer from psychological impairment, such as acute stress and post -traumatic disorder. This study aimed to determine the frequency of Acute Stress and Post-Traumatic disorders in traffic –related injuries. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on 89 injured people who were hospitalized in porsina hospital (2010). They were selected with simple sampling. The data were collected using questionnaire at first week and 2 months after the accident by interview. Data ghathering instruments included demographic psycho –social characteristics and SRS- PTSD questionnaires. Data were analyzed with discriptive and analytic static tests SPSS version 16. Results: There  were not any significant relationship between prevalance of Acute Stress and Post-Traumatic disorder at 1week (30.3% )and 2 months after it (22.5%). With use of Multivariate multiple regression there were significant relationship observed between  acute stress disorder after 1 week and duration of hospitalization (p=0.02) , job (p=0.003) and witnessing of death and suffering of others (p=0.021). Conclusion:The findings showed that traffic accidents have an impact on psychosocial health of people. Healthcare professionals should inform the injured about maintainhng and elevation of mental health so that the frequency of acute stress and post traumatic disorder in traffic accident injured victims will be decreased. Key words: Frequency, Acute–traumatic stress disorder, Post –traumatic stress disorder, Traffic accidents. Funding: This research was funded by Trauma Center of Porsina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical Approval: The Ethical committee of Guilan University of Medical Sciences approved the study. (Ethical code 11349). How to cite this article: Khodadady N, Ghanbari A, Yousefzadeh Chabok Sh, Rahimi H. Frequency of Acute Stress and Post-Traumatic Disorder in Traffic –Related Injured Patients, Hospitalized in Porsina Hospital Rasht, Iran 2010. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012; 11(4): 347-54. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Frequency, Acute–traumatic stress disorder, Post –traumatic stress disorder, Traffic accidents}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {347-354}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5316-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5316-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {jafari3970@yahoo.com,}, title = {Skin Wound Healing of Chronic Diabetic Rats Using Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Scientists are trying to find ways for skin wound healing in chronic diabetic diseases. The potential role of omega-3(ω-3) and omega-6(ω-6) fatty acids on wound healing is of interest and controversial. In this study, the effects of topical application of fish and corn oils containing ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids on skin wound healing in chronic diabetic rats has been evaluated. Materials and Methods: In this intervention-experimental study, mature male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=7). Diabetes in four groups were induced by subcutaneous injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin(STZ). The fifth group was served as normal or control group. In diabetic groups, one group was non- treated group (shame group), and two groups received fish and corn oil (FO-group and CO- group) respectively. The last diabetic group was treated with both fish and corn oil (FCO-group). All animals were wounded by a vertical 3 cm incision in the middle of their dorsum. Treatment was done 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes till complete wound healing. Wound surface area was measured at 3th, 7th, 11th, 15th and 20th  post-operated days. At the same times, the histological characteristics were studied by using hematoxilin-eosine method. Required time for full healing was also measured. Results: Our results showed that surface area of wound in FCO- group was lower than non- treated group at 11th, 15th, and 20th post- operative days significantly. Moreover the percentage of the wound healing in FCO- group was 98% at the 20th day, while this parameter in non-treated group was 70%. Histological studies showed that epidermal growth, cellular diffusion, density of collagen in FCO- group was approximately the same as the control group. Conclusion: The results showed that topical application of fish and corn oil together may result in an acceleration of skin wound healing in chronic diabetic rats. Key words: Diabetes, Fish oil, Corn Oil, Wound healing   Funding: This research was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of Interest: None declared   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjani University of Medical Sciences approved the study. How to cite this article: Jafari naveh H.R, Taghavi M.M, Shariati M, Rezvani A. Skin Wound Healing of Chronic Diabetic Rats Using Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012; 11(4): 355-64. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Diabetes, Fish oil, Corn Oil, Wound healing}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {355-364}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5313-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5313-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Comparison of Menstruation Problems Between Educable Mentally Retarded Girls and Adolescent Girls with Normal IQ from the Perspective of their Mothers in Semnan Iran (2009)}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Educable Mental Retardation (EMR) girls with low IQ have many difficulties in solving personal problems. Therefore; menstruation can cause more difficulties (behavioural, hygiening and …) for them. The aim of the present research is to compare menstruation problems in Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR) girls and girls with normal IQ from perspective of their mothers in semnan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This was an analaytical research. The population that was under consideration consisted of two groups of EMR and normal girls. Fifty cases of EMR and 50 cases of girls with normal IQ were choosen through cluster random sampling method. A questionnaire designed by researcher was used to study menstruation problems. Findings were analyzed with  Chi-square and independent t-test statistics. Results: The results of this study indicated that in comparison to girls with normal IQ (%5), EMR girls (%75) had more problems in practicing individual hygien (p=0.001), 42.5 of EMR girls and %0 girls with normal IQ had more negative attitudes towords menstruation (p=0.001). EMR girls (%7.5) in comparison to girls with normal IQ (%37.5) had not received information by school officials before initiation of the first menstruation. These different were statistically significant. Conculsion: The result of this study indicated that EMR girls compared with girls with normal IQ have problems in individual hygien and have no sutible education before initiation of the first menstruation and have negative attitudes towords menstruation. Therefore, providing suitable preparation and adequate education for EMR girls seems vital. Key words: Educable Mental Retardation, Adolescence, Puberty, Menstruation problems   Funding: This research was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of Interest: None declared Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjani University of Medical Sciences approved the study.   How to cite this article: Akrami L, Hadavandkhani F, Mohamadi KH. Comparison of Menstruation problems Between Educable Mentally Retarded Girls and Adolescent Girls with Normal IQ from the Perspective of their Mothers in Semnan Iran (2009). J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012; 11(4): 365-76. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Educable Mental Retardation, Adolescence, Puberty, Menstruation problems}, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {365-376}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5314-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5314-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {FarshdoustiHagh, M. and Noruzinia, M. and Mortazavi, Y. and Soleimani, M. and Kaviani, S. and MahmoodiniaMaymand, M.}, title = {Comparison of Quantitative Expression of Runx2 in Mesenchymal Stem Cells (Mscs) Differentiated by Osteoblastic Differentiation Medium and Zoledronic Acid}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : RUNX2 is the most specific transcription factor in osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs. In this research, RUNX2 expression was quantified in MSCs differentiated by osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM) and zoledronic acid (ZA).   Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, hMSCs were treated by osteogenic differentiation medium and ZA. RNA extraction was carried out from both osteoblastic differentiated cells in the first, second and third weeks of differentiation, and also from undifferentiated MSCs. RUNX2 expression was quantified by quantitative Real Time-PCR.   Results: Gene expression of RUNX2 in the first, second and third weeks of osteogenic differentiation by ODM compared to undifferentiated MSCs showed 1.76±0.09-fold, 3.54±0.25-fold and 3.40±0.17-fold increase in expression, respectively. Zoledronic acid increased the expression of RUNX2 2.91±0.13-fold, 3.25±0.3-fold and 3.36±0.23-fold at the same time points, respectively. Comparison of RUNX2 expression by ODM (1.76±0.09-fold) and ZA (2.91±0.13-fold) in the first week of differentiation showed statistical differences (P<0.05). Whereas, RUNX2 expression by both ODM and ZA in the second and third weeks of differentiation were approximately equal.   Conclusion: RUNX2 expression was increased in osteoblastic differentiation by both ODM and ZA. However, it seems that ZA can cause more expression of RUNX2 in the first week of osteoblastic differentiation.   Key words: Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Differentiation Medium, Zoledronic Acid, RUNX2 Transcription Factor     Funding: This research was funded by Tarbiat Modares University.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approved: The Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modares University approved the study .     How to cite this article : Farshdousti Hagh M , Noruzinia M, Mortazavi Y, Soleimani M, Kaviani S, Mahmoodinia Maymand M . Comparison of Quantitative Expression of Runx2 in Mesenchymal Stem Cells (Mscs) Differentiated by Osteoblastic Differentiation Medium and Zoledronic Acid . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(4): 377-90. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Differentiation Medium, Zoledronic Acid, RUNX2 Transcription Factor }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {377-390}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1481-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1481-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {HeidariOranjaghi, N. and Ghasemi, E. and Mahdipour, H. and Salehi, B. and Sofiabadi, M. and Erami, E. and AzhdariZarmehri, H.}, title = {Effects of Acute and Chronic Immobilization Stress on Formalin Test on the Male Rat}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : Acute and chronic stress induces hormonal and neuronal changes which affect both pain threshold and nociceptive behaviors. But the effect of acute and chronic immobilization stress on formalin induced nociceptive behaviors are unknown. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of acute and chronic immobilization stress formalin test on the male rat.   Material and Methods: In this study, the formalin test (50 μL, 2%) was used to evaluate the effects of acute restraint stress on nociceptive responses. Animals (42) were initially submitted to one session of acute restraint stress (15, 30, 60 min) or chronic restraint stress (10 and 20 days, each day 30 min) and immediately submitted to the formalin injection in hind paw to evaluate nociceptive behaviors.   Results: Acute 60 minutes exposure to restraint stress did not reduce the nociceptive behaviors by chemical stimulation (formalin 2%) of the rats, while 15 minutes exposure to restraint stress reduced formalin induced nociceptive behaviors in phase 2, and 30 minutes exposure to restraint stress reduced formalin induced nociceptive behaviors in phase 1, interphase and phase 2. Chronic restraint stress for 10 and 20 days (each day 30 min) did not increase the stress induced analgesia. These findings suggest that acute exposure to restraint for 30 minutes produce greater decrease in nociceptive behaviors than 15 and 60 minutes.   Conclusion: Acute restraint stress can produce short-term and long-term SIA (Stress Induced Analgesia) for tonic pain. The short-term SIA is reflected as a decreasing in nociceptive behaviors during phase 1, whereas the long-term SIA is reflected as a decrease in nociceptive behaviors during phase 2.   Key words: Formalin test, Restraint stress, Rat     Funding: This research was funded by Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared   Ethical approved: The Ethics Committee of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences approved the study.     How to cite this article : Heidari Oranjaghi N, Ghasemi E, Mahdipour H, Salehi B, Sofiabadi M, Erami E, Azhdari Zarmehri H . Effects of acute and chronic immobilization stress on formalin test in the male rat . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(4): 391-402. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Formalin test, Restraint stress, Rat }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {391-402}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1493-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1493-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Malakootian, M. and Momeni, J.}, title = {Quality Survey of Drinking Water in Bardsir, Iran 2009-2010}, abstract ={    Background and Objectives: Access to safe and adequate drinking water has been an important national goal in different countries. On the other hand, the possibility of microbial contamination and lack of control water quality chemicals is of concern to health authorities in societies. The purpose of this research was to determine the microbial and chemical quality of drinking water in bardsir in 2009-2010 and comparing the results of the study with valid standards of Iran and guidelines of WHO.   Material and Methods: This descriptive and periodical research was conducted during Augast 2009 to end of March 2011. Two thousand and seven hundred and twenty six samples for testing microbial and134 samples for chemical testing of drinking water was taken. Parameters of corrosion, including Langelier index, Ryzener , aggressive, concentration of nitrate and nitrite quantity of fecal coliforms and remaining chlorine were monitored. All the methods used for sampling and testing of the Book of Standard Test Methods Water were adapted. The results were analyzed with SPSS software. Results were reported as mean and standard deviation.   Results: The average residual chlorine water and focal coliform was found in samples of water (0.31± 0.23) mg/L and (1.81±1.6) mg/L was respectively determined. Average concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in water sources of bardsir, (7.48 ± 4.54) mg/L and (0.023 ± 0.026) mg/L average corrosion index including langelier saturation index, Ryzener index and Aggressive index +0.41, 7.01 and 12.36 of drinking water respectively was achieved.   Conclusion : The averages of index the lack of desirability coliform bacteria %95.2 according to WHO guidelines range was good. Nitrite and nitrate levels in all water samples of bardsir was less than the recommended limits of the standard of Iran and guidelines of WHO. According to the langelier index , Ryzener and Aggressive indexes %87.5 , %66.7 , %84.7 of Bardsir drinking water were precipitated transition respectively. Although microbial and chemical quality of water are according to limits of standards, the circumstances of potentials contamination of the region is necessary and must be continuously monitored.   Key words: Langelier index- Ryzener index and Aggressive index, Drinking water quality     Funding: This study was funded by Research deputy of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest : None declared.   Etical approval: The Ethics Committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences approval the study.     How to cite this article : Malakootian M, Momeni J . Quality Survey of Drinking Water in Bardsir, Iran 2009-2010 . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(4): 403-10. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Langelier index- Ryzener index and Aggressive index, Drinking water quality }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {403-410}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1485-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1485-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {ZareRashkooeih, R. and Rezaeian, M. and Rahnama, A. and Manshori, A. and Salajeghe, M. and ArabBaniasadi, F. and Vatan, A.}, title = {Prevalence of Pathological Specimens of Diagnostic Curettage in Patients Admitted to Niknafs Hospital (A Short Report)}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: One of the most common causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) in adolescents is endometrial carcinoma. Evaluation of endometrial cancer in women of childbearing age, especially in the presence of other risk factors, is necessary. This study aimed to determine the frequency of pathological specimens of diagnostic curettage in patient admitted to Niknafs hospital and determining the predisposing factors for malignant cases .   Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, all the patients over 35 with complaint of abnormal bleeding in Niknafs hospital, the only maternity hospital in Rafsanjan, who had the diagnostic curettage performed on them from 2006 to 2009, were studied. Data were extracted from the patients' history of records and the samples were referred to the pathology center of Ali-ebn-abitaleb hospital and by questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.   Results: Most pathology reports (45.5%) were hyperplasia and 4% cancer and 24.6% were normal. Most complaints was menorrhagia bleeding (53.6%). Average of Fertility number was 4.9±2.4. Thirteen and one tenth percent of cases were taking contraceptive pills and 4.7% were diabetic and 16.5% had hypertension. Of all cases, only one case had the history of breast cancer in her and there was no case of cancer in the family history. Seventy five percent of endometrial cancer were affected with the complaint of menorrhagia. People with normal endometrium had lowest fertility rate and were younger.   Conclusion: The age of the patients and the multiplicity of their fertility with the diagnosis of abnormal endometrial curettage in pathological specimens showed a direct relationship. There were no direct relationships between oral contraceptive use and incidence of diabetes in people with cancer.   Key words: Uterine Bleeding, Diagnostic Curettage, Pathological Samples     Funding : This study was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest : Non declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study.   How to cite this article : Zare Rashkooeih R. Rezaeian M, Rahnama A, Manshori A. Salajeghe M, Arab Baniasadi F, Vatan A . Prevalence of Pathological Specimens of Diagnostic Curettage in Patients Admitted to Niknafs Hospital (Short Report) . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(4): 403-10. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Uterine Bleeding, Diagnostic Curettage, Pathological Samples }, volume = {11}, Number = {4}, pages = {411-416}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1497-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1497-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rezaeian, M. and Hadavi, M. and Besharat, F.}, title = {The Fate of Rejected Articles by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Journal (RUMSJ) During 2001-2007}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Given the vital role of scientific journals in dissemination of knowledge especially within the health domain, correctly managing them is very important. The aim of the present study was to determine the fate of rejected articles by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Journal (RUMSJ).   Material and Methods: In this follow up study, the fate of all rejected manuscripts during 2001 till 2007 was determined. In order to do that, three SID, Magiran, and IranMedex databases were searched using the titles and the names of the authors of each manuscript.   Findings: During the years of the investigation, 1030 articles were submitted to the journal and after primary review, in the end 512 (49.7%) of them were rejected. Out of these, 155 (30.3%) have been published in other related journals. The titles of 96 (61.9%) of published articles had slightly been changed. Twelve (7.7%) of these articles were published before submission to JRUMS.   Conclusion: Considerring the fact that over 70 percent of the manuscripts which were rejected by RUMSJ have not been published anywhere else, it could be concluded that this journal has functined reasonably well in the primary evaluation of the manuscripts.   Key words: Fate, Rejected manuscripts, Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (JRUMS)     Funding : This study was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest : Non declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study.     How to cite this article : Rezaeian M, Hadavi M, Besharat F . Fate of Rejected Articles by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Journal (RUMSJ) in 2001-2007 . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(5): 417-26. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Fate, Rejected manuscripts, Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (JRUMS) }, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {417-426}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1555-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1555-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {AbbasiMaleki, S. and Mosavi, S.Z. and RahbariFarzoo, M. and Khayatnouri, M.H.}, title = {Evaluation of the Effect of Citalopram on MorphineWithdrawal Signs in Male Mice}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Serotonergic system has a role in procedure of morphine dependence and withdrawal signs incidence. On the other hand it has been shown that antidepressants may reduce the abuse susceptibility of opioids . So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of citalopram as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) antidepressant on morphine withdrawal signs in male mice.   Materials and Methods: In this experimental study forty male NMRI mice (20-30 g) were used. Morphine dependency was induced using a four- day schedule method with 50, 50, 75 and 50 mg/kg dosing respectively. In the fourth day 2 hours after single dose of morphine, naloxone was injected (5 mg/kg) and withdrawal signs were recorded with number of jumping and diarrhea, grooming, wet dog shake, teeth chattering, writing ,climbing based on the scores of 0 to 3 for 30min.Treatment group received different doses of citalopram(5, 10 and 20 mg/kg Intraperitoneally).   Results: Different doses of citalopram dose-dependently and significantly decreased the morphine withdrawal signs (except diarrhea) in the experimental group. (p<0.05 and p<0.001)).   Conclusion: The present study is in accordance with other reports indicated that 5-HT enhancing agents (e.g. SSRIs) may be promising treatments for morphine withdrawal signs.   Key words: Citalopram, Morphine, Serotonergic system, Withdrawal syndrome, Mice     Funding : This research was funded by Islamic Azad University, Tehran Pharmaceutical Branch   Conflict of interest : None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Science approved this study.     How to cite this article : Abbasi Maleki S, Mosavi S.Z, Rahbari Farzoo M, Khayatnouri MH. Evaluation of the Effect of Citalopram on Morphine Withdrawal Signs in Male Mice . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(5): 427-36. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Citalopram, Morphine, Serotonergic system, Withdrawal syndrome, Mice }, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {427-436}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1556-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1556-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Heidari, Sh. and Khodadadi, A. and Ravari, A. and Asadi, Gh. and Fatehi, Z.}, title = {Prescription Quality of Medication Chart of Hospitalized Patients in Hospitals Affiliated with Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 2007}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Prescription is one of the most important phases of medication use and so much so that it could be said that high quality of prescription overall indicates high quality of care. The most frequent number of medication errors occurs during drug prescription which leads to patient injury or death in the hospitals. Present study was carried out to evaluate the prescription quality of medication chart of hospitalized patients in Rafsanjan hospitals, 2007 .   Material and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in three months during the year 2007. Drug order sheets of 800 patients from 20 wards were studied by systematic randomized sampling. Data were collected using a researcher made check list, include demographic characteristics of physicians and 18 items related to quality of medication chart and medication related indicators. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 18 software .   Results : The mean score of total of checklists was 12.3±2.84 which indicated desirable conditions. Mean score of medication chart related indicators was 3.49 ± 0.74 which showed desirable status. Patient allergies were not recorded . Medication related indicators mean score was 8.89 ± 2.4 which shows semi desirable status.   Conclusion : Based on the findings, observance of prescription standards such as legibly writing of drug order, documentation of patient allergies, drug preparation and its special precaution had undesirable status which are potential risk factors for medication errors.   Key words: Drug, Prescription quality, Prescription Errors, Hospitalized Patients     Funding: This research was funded by the Food and Drug organization of ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical education   Conflict of Interest: Non decalred   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Food and Drug organization of ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical education approved the study.     How to cite this article : Heidari Sh, Khodadadi A, Ravari A, Asadi Gh, Fatehi Z . Prescription Quality of Medication Chart of Hospitalized Patients in Hospitals Affiliated with Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 2007 . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(5): 437-48. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Drug, Prescription quality, Prescription Errors, Hospitalized Patients }, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {437-448}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1558-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1558-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Zahedbablan, A. and Ghasempour, A. and Hassanzade, SH. and Akbari, E.}, title = {The Relationship between Psychological Hardiness and Forgiveness and Hope in Athletes}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Nowadays, researchers regard sport as one of the reinforcing methods to the growth of psychological dimensions. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of hardiness and forgiveness in predicting hope among athletes. Material and Methods: This descriptive-analytic type of correlation study was carried out on and the 60 athletic students (30 males and 30 females) from Mohaghgh Ardabil University who voluntarily participated in the study and answered Snyder hope scale, Ahvaz hardiness scale and Walker and Garsokh forgiveness scale. The data collected from the sample were analyzed using the statistical methods of correlation and regression. Results: Subjects mean age was 20.65±1/83 year. The obtained results revealed that hope positively correlated with hardiness (r= 0.54) and with forgiveness (r= 0.50). Also, hardiness positively and significantly (p=0.001, R2= 0.34) predicted the changes related to hope. Conclusions: This study indicated that from two variables of hardiness and forgiveness, personality construct of hardiness can predict changes of hope in athletes. Key words: Hope, Hardiness, Forgiveness, Athlete Funding: No grant has supported the present study. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili approved the study.   How to cite this article: Zahed bablan A, Ghasempour A, Hassanzade SH, Akbari E. The Relationship between Psychological Hardiness and Forgiveness and H}, Keywords = {Hope, Hardiness, Forgiveness, Athlete}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {449-460}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5307-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5307-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mahdavi-Shahri, N. and Baharara, J. and Tavassoli, A. and Rasti, H. and Shahabipour, F. and Saghiri, N.}, title = {Effect of All-Trans Retinoic Acid on Epithelialization of Blastema Tissue in vitro}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Retinoic acid has a major role in a variety of biological processes including growth and differentiation. One of these effects is epithelialization seen in blastema tissue exposed to different concentration of retinoic acid, due to its embryo-like cells. The main objective of this research was to investigate an experimental studies of employed different concentration of retinoic acid on embryonic- like tissue as an experimental model in vitro.   Materials and Methods: This research is interventional study. The blastema tissue was prepared as the rings by punching pinna of New Zealand white rabbits with professional ethics. Then blastema tissues were cultured with different dose of retinoic acid (10-5 µl/ml, 10-4 µl/ml, 10-3 µl/ml) and evaluated in days of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 by histotechniques such as hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining.   Results: The results showed that epithelialization process occurs at the day of 14 in control specimen (without retinoic acid) but samples treated with RA in concentration of 10-5 µl/ml show increases in epithelialization. Cell death was seen with concentration of 10-3 µl/ml.   Conclusion: Results revealed that retinoic acid has an effect on epithelialization of dynamic tissues such as blastema which has an embryonic- like cells and tissues properties .   Key words: All-trans Retinoic acid, Blastema, Epithelial, New Zealand rabbit.     Funding: This research was funded partly by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committe of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences approved the study.     How to cite this article : Mahdavi-Shahri N, Baharara J, Tavassoli A, Rasti H, Shahabipour F, Saghiri N . Effect of All-TransRetinoic Acid on Epithelialization of Blastema Tissue in vitro J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(5): 471-80. [Farsi]  }, Keywords = {All-trans Retinoic acid, Blastema, Epithelial, New Zealand rabbit}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {471-480}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1564-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1564-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Moosavi, S.M. and RoodbarMohammadi, Sh. and Saraf, Z.H. and Yadegari, M.H. and Khosravi, A.R.}, title = {Preparation of Zymosan from Candida Albicans Cell Wall}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Zymosan is the name given to a yeast cell wall fraction having the specific immunomodulatoryl property ,e.g stimulation of phagocytosis and reticuloendothelial system. Interest in this fraction is derived from positive results of zymosan administration. Recently zymosan has been used more fragmentaly in various clinical investigation, for example in transplantation and  autoimmunity disease. Our aim was to find a rapid and new procedure for isolation of zymosan from candida abicans cell wall. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, Candida albicans was cultured on GYEP Yeast and harvested,then Cell wall of the yeast candida albicans after disintegration, centrifugation and repeat washing were suspended in 0.5m Na2Hpo4, as a %5 of suspension. The suspension was boiled for 3h, purified by repeated washing with water and ethanol. Finaly the product was freeze deried. Zymosan purification was confirmed using complement fixation test, LAL test and SDS-PAGE. Results: The yield of zymosan was about 1.8 percent of original yeast by dry weight .This yeast fraction had property of inactivating the complement. Result of L.A.L test have demonstrated that zymosan product had glucan. also zymosan bound was deteced. Conclusion: This study suggested that this method is fast and usefull (in comparison to Saccharomyces Cervisiae) for preparation of zymosan from candida albians cell wall. Regarding to the results of complement fixtion  test, the zymosan was preserved its biological properties. Key words: Zymosan, Candida Albicans, Cell wall   Funding: This research was funded by Tarbiat Modarres University. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modarres University approved this study.   How to cite this article: Moosavi SM, Roodbar Mohammadi Sh, Saraf ZH, Yadegari MH, Khosravi AR. Preparation of Zymosan from Candida Albicans Cell Wall. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012; 11(5): 481-8. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Zymosan, Candida Albicans, Cell wall}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {481-488}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5306-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5306-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Bijari, B. and Abassi, A. and Sharifzade, Gh.R. and Salehi, S.}, title = {Effects of Health Education Program on Knowledge and Attitude of Barbers and Beauticians in Birjand about AIDS: (A Short Report)}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives : With no cure or effective vaccine , education is the only means of controlling AIDS . Barbers and beauticians can play an effective role for preventing and controling disease. Therefore this study has been done to determine the knowledge and attitude of Birjand barbers and beauticians about AIDS.   Materials and Methods : This quasi experimental (before-after study design ) study was performed on Birjand 'barbers and beauticians. After assessment Validity and calculating Cronbach's α coefficient, the level of knowledge and attitude was evaluated first by using a questionnaire. Educational program was performed in the health centers. After one month knowledge and attitude was determined again and then was compared with pretest information. Data was analyzed by Independet and paired T tests and ANOVA test.   Results : From a total of 123 barbers and beauticians with mean age (31.4 ± 8.5) 23 were males and 100 were females. After the education the mean scale of knowledge was increased from 28.2 ± 7.8 to 38.1 ± 6.2 (p=0.001) and attitude from 53.7 ± 7.8 to 57.6 ± 6.7 (p=0.001) respectively. Before intervention 20.3% of samples had good knowledge and 22.7% of them had positive attitude about AIDS. Which after the intervention was increased to 73.2% and 39% respectively (p=0.001) .   Conclusion : The results of the Study indicated that health education program was effective in promotion of the positive knowledge and attitude of the barbers and beauticians. Educational programs should be considered by health mangers to increase the knowledge of the beauticians and barbers about contagiouse disease especially AIDS.   Key word : Health Education, Knowledge, Attitude, AIDS, Barbers         Funding : This research was funded by Birjand University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of Interest :None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Birjand University of medical sciences , approved the study.     How to cite this article : Bijari B, Abassi A, Sharifzade Gh.R, Salehi S . Effects of Health Education Program on Knowledge and Attitude of Barbers and Beauticians in Birjand about AIDS . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(5): 505-10. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Health Education, Knowledge, Attitude, AIDS, Barbers }, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {489-494}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1567-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1567-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sahebzamani, M. and Saghiri, S. and Safavi, M. and AlaviMajd, H.}, title = {Relationship Between Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Obcessive - Compulsive Disorder in Students of Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences: (A Short Report)}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Many people have a kind of obsession with their appearance. If the concerns are causing severe damage to the social functions, occupational and other aspects of life it is diagnosed as body dysmorphic disorder. This study investigates the relationship between obsessive - compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder in a nonclinical female samples in the year 2007. Material and Methods: In this descriptive study, female students of medical sciences in Tehran participated and using SPss software, using Chi square test, Mann-Whitney Test and Fisher test were examined. Results: The study involved 456 female students 18 to 26. Mean age was 20.5±1.8. The results  showed a significant correlation between BDD and OCD. (p=0.043) Conclusion: Given the significant prevalence of symptoms of BDD in this study, screening for this disorder in high-risk groups reduces many costs resulting from inappropriate treatments. Chance of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in those with symptoms of obsessive - compulsive was 3.5 times more than the people without symptoms of the disorder, suggests the obcessive nature of body dysmorphic disorder in the study group. Key words: Obsessive- compulsive disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Students of Medical Sciences   Funding: This research was funded partly by Azad University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committe of Azad University of Medical Sciences approved the study.   How to cite this article: Sahebzamani M, Saghiri S, Safavi M, Alavi Majd H. Relationship Between Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Obcessive - Compulsive Disorder in Students of Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences (A Short Report) J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012; 11(5): 495-502. [Farsi]  }, Keywords = {Obsessive- compulsive disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Students of Medical Sciences}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {495-502}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5311-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5311-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Khoramian, S. and Poureslami, H.R. and M., Torabi and Mohammadi, B.}, title = {Central Giant cell Granuloma: (A Case Report)}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Central giant cell granuloma formerly called "giant cell reparative granuloma," is a non-neoplastic lesion. Some lesions demonstrate aggressive behaviors similar to that of a neoplasm . The mandibular / maxillary ratio has been reported as being from 2:1 to 3:1. Lesions are more common in the anterior portions of the jaws   Results: An 11-year old girl was referred with a chief complaint of chin expansion without pain. The radiographic exam ination showed a multilocular radiolucent lesion extended to lower border of the mandible. The histopathological examination showed a highly vascularized fibrous stroma with several multinucleated giant cells. Because of size of lesion, surgical approach was preferred .   Conclusion: Most giant cell granulomas of the jaws are asymptomatic and usually first come to attention during a routine radiographic examination or as a result of painless expansion of the affected bone. So early diagnosis is very important in the prognosis.   Key words: Giant Cell Granuloma, Giant Cell , Reparative Giant Cell Granuloma     Funding: This research was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committe of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved this study .     How to cite this article : Khoramian S, Poureslami HR , Torabi M, Mohammadi B. Central Giant cell Granuloma: A Case Report . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(5): 489-96. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Giant Cell Granuloma, Giant Cell , Reparative Giant Cell Granuloma }, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {503-510}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1565-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1565-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rezaeian, M.}, title = {Authorship in students’ research}, abstract ={}, Keywords = { students’ research, Authorship}, volume = {11}, Number = {6}, pages = {511-512}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1594-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1594-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {}, title = {The Assessment of the Impact of the Encounter of Scientific Index of Happiness on the Reduction of Depression Symptoms}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Deprestion is a dibilitating disorder which causes meny social and health problems for the people. This research was done to asses the impact of encounter to scientific indexes of happiness on the reduction of depression symptoms. Materials and Methods: This experimental design research was done in accordance to pre-test and past-test design with a control group. The primal sample of this research were 150 students of Kerman  Bahonar university that had been choosen by multistage clustering. Beck depression Questionnaire was given to them as pre test and the rate of participant's depression was assessed. Then 60 participants were chosen and randomly assigned to the control and experimental group. After that Beck depression Questionnaire (BDI-II)‚ gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6)‚ kindness Questionnaire and forgiveness Questionnaire (TRIM-12) were applied for the two groups. Eight training sessions were organized for the experimental group and 3 free discussion sessions for the control group. At the end of sessions Beck depression Questionnaire( BDI-II)‚ gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6)‚ kindness Questionnaire and forgiveness Questionnaire (TRIM-12) were performed for both groups. Results: The results indicated that unconscious encounter to visual and audile provocatives about scientific indexes of happiness, forgiveness‚ gratitude and unconditional kindness didnot have any meaningful effects on the reduction of depression while the training sessions about scientific indexes of happiness (forgiveness‚ gratitude and unconditional kindness) had meaningful effects on the reduction of depression. Conclusion: The results shows that changes in students’ depression scores were due to encounter to independent variables (encounter to scientific indexes of happiness). Based on the research results‚ it can be cocluded that encounter to scientific indexes of happiness(forgiveness‚ gratitude‚ unconditional kindness) can have agreat effect on the reduction of depression. Key words: Depression‚ Forgiveness‚ Gratitude‚ Unconditional kindness student   Funding: This research was funded by researcher’s personal fund. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences approved the study.   How to cite this article: Sivandi M, Abdollahi AH. The Assessment of the Impact of the Encounter of Scientific Index of Happiness on the Reduction of Depression Symptoms. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2013; 11(6): 513-22. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Depression‚ Forgiveness‚ Gratitude‚ Unconditional kindness student}, volume = {11}, Number = {6}, pages = {513-520}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5310-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5310-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Zareshahi, R. and Haghdoost, A.A. and Asadipour, A. and Sadeghirad, B.}, title = {Rational Usage of Drug Indices in the Prescriptions of Kerman Medical Practitioners in 2008}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Improving the drug usage pattern and moving through a community with appropriate, safe, with doses that meet individual requirements and for an adequate period of time is pivotal and recommended by World Health Organization. In this study, we investigate the drug prescription patterns in the Kerman province in Iran.Materials and Methods: Prescription indices in Kerman prescription database of Food and Drug deputy in 2008, which includes prescription of 245 general practitioners and 455 physicians, were extracted. Selected WHO drug use indicators including number of prescribed medicines and their cost, maximum number of prescribed medicine, number of prescribed antibiotics, injection and corticosteroids were investigated in this cross-sectional study design.Results: Average number of medicines prescribed per patient was 3.15±0.49 and 2.85±0.61 for general practitioners and physicians, respectively (p=0.001). Mean for maximum number of prescribed medicines were 6.67±1.20 and 6.57±1.67 for general practitioners and physicians, respectively. For general practitioners, 16.8% of prescriptions encountered with an injection, 17.7% encountered with a corticosteroid prescription and 51.9% encountered with an antibiotic. For physicians, 12.8% of prescriptions encountered with an injection, 15.4% with a corticosteroid prescription and 39.0% encountered with an antibiotic. The difference in prescribing these categories was significant between practitioners and physicians (p=0.001, p=0.001 and p=0.016, respectively). Experienced practitioners were more cautious in the number of prescribed medicines (p=0.001), however, the price of their prescriptions were higher than the young practitioners (p=0.001).Conclusion: Despite the educational programs for the rational use of drugs, prescribing indicators are far from international recommended criteria. Hence, it is necessary to promote prescribing practices through establishing more comprehensive training courses related to the rational use of medicines. Besides, exerting surveillance systems is a useful way to monitor and control drug usage in the community.Key words: Rational use of drug, Prescribing practice, General practitioner, PhysicianFunding: This research was funded by Kerman University of Medical Sciences.Conflict of interest: None declared.Ethical Approval: The Ethics committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences approved the study.How to cite this article: Zareshahi R, Haghdoost AA, Asadipour A, Sadeghirad B. Rational Usage of Drug Indices in the Prescriptions of Kerman Medical Practitioners in 2008. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(6): 523-36. [Farsi]  }, Keywords = {Rational use of drug, Prescribing practice, General practitioner, Physician}, volume = {11}, Number = {6}, pages = {523-536}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1606-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1606-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Shahimoridi, D. and Mollahossaeini, M. and Vazirinejad, R.}, title = {The Effect of Low Power Laser in The Treatment of the Plantar Fasciitis}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Plantar fasciitis has very important performance in function of the foot that this is which causes the arc of the foot. Long strech on this fascia causes inflammation and calcaneal pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low power laser in the treatment of plantar fasciitis.   Materials and Methods: This study was a double blinded clinical trial conducted on a consecutively selected sample of 50 patients from 9 February 2010 to 11 January 2011 in Fattemieh Physiotherapy Clinic of Rafsanjan. Patients who were all suffering from plantar fascilitis were divided in two equal groups randomly. Two research methods were included: laser and placebo. Intensity of local pain, radicular pain, sensitivity to palpation and morning pain were assessed in 1st, 5th and 10th sessions. For data analysis bilateral ANOVA, touky and X2 were used.   Results: The results of this study showed that low power Laser has been significantly effective in reduction of local pain of the plantar fasciitis (p<0.0001). In the 10th session X2 test revealed that laser can be effective in the reduction of redicular pain, sensitivity to palpation and morning pain of the plantar fasciitis (p<0.0001).   Conclusion: This study indicated that in the 10th session, laser can be effective in the reduction of local pain, redicular pain, morning pain and improving of sensitivity to palpation of the plantar fasciitis.   Key words: Low Power Laser, Plantar Fasciitis, Treatment     Funding: This research was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved this study .     How to cite this article : Shahimoridi D, Mollahossaeini M, Vazirinejad R . The Effect of Low Power Laser in The Treatment of the Plantar Fasciitis . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(6): 537-44. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Low Power Laser, Plantar Fasciitis, Treatment }, volume = {11}, Number = {6}, pages = {537-544}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1607-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1607-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Interaction Between Nitric Oxide and Histaminergic H1 Receptor of Dorsal Hippocampus in the Elevated Plus-Maze of Anxiety}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Nitric oxide and histamine H1 receptors influence anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, interaction between nitric oxide and histamine H1 receptors has been demonstrated in the modulation of some behavior. The present study was designed to evaluate the interactions between pyrilamine, aH1 receptor antagonist and nitric oxide systems in the CA1 brain region of the mice using the plus-maze test. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 136 adult male NMRI mice were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and two cannuale were inserted stereotaxically into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. After 1 week recovery, the elevated plus maze test was used to test the anxiety-like behaviors. Results: Intra-CA1 injection of pyrilamine induced anxiety. Intra-CA1 injection L-arginine (0.1 and 0.5 µg/mouse) or L-NAME (5, 10 ng/mouse) 2 min after befor effective dose of pyrilamine (9 µg/mouse) inhibited anxiogenic effects of pyrilamine. Conclusion: These results show that there are complex interactions between histamine H1 receptors and nitric oxide system that affect anxiety behaviors in the CA1 region of dorsal hippocampus. Activation or inhibition of nitric oxide system inhibits anxiogenic response of pyrilamine in the dorsal hippocampus. Key words: Nitric Oxide, Pyrilamine, Histamine H1 Receptors, Elevated Plus Maze, Mouse   Funding: This research was funded by Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Conflict interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved the study.   How to cite this article: Piri M, Asgariyan M, Bananej M, Shahin MS, Zarrindast MR. Interaction Between Nitric Oxide and Histaminergic H1 Receptor of Dorsal Hippocampus in the Elevated Plus-Maze of Anxiety J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2013; 11(5): 545-56. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {: Nitric Oxide, Pyrilamine, Histamine H1 Receptors, Elevated Plus Maze, Mouse}, volume = {11}, Number = {6}, pages = {545-556}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5303-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5303-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Comparison of Managemented and Spontaneous Pushing During Second Stage of Labor on Postpartum Fatigue in Primiparous Women}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Postpartum fatigue increases incidence of postpartum depression. This study accomplished with aim to compare managed and spontaneous pushing during second stage of labor on postpartum fatigue in nulliparous women in Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Arak in 2010. Methods and Materials: In this clinical trial research 104 nulliparous women were randomly allocated in two groups as a managed and spontaneous pushing. when contraction is started, the mother breath deeply and force with keep breathing to 10 numbers. Fatigue severity determined 1 and 24 hours after delivery with standard questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using Mann–Whitney U and Chi-square tests. Results: Mean duration of first and second stage of labor in two groups was not statistically significant difference. Fatigue severity in the 1 and 24 hour after delivery between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.004, p=0.001). The difference of fatigue score between the two groups was statistically significant that respectively in managed pushing and spontaneous pushing 1 hour after delivery 30.19±10.64 and 24.17±10.68 (p=0.005) and 24 hour after delivery 18.75±9.28 and 10.25±5.5 (p=0.001). Conclusion: spontaneous pushing results in less fatigue in the first and 24 hours after delivery than another method. we recommend using this method in second stage of labor because of the importantance of maternal role and newborn care in this time. Key words: Spontaneous Pushing, Managemented Pushing, Postpartum Fatigue, Primiparous   Funding: This research was funded by Arak University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interests: Non detected. Ethical approval: The Ettics committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences approved the study.   How to cite this article:  Heidari T, Farokhi F, Bagherpour M, Amiri Farahani L. Comparison of Managemented and Spontaneous Pushing During Second Stage of Labor on Postpartum Fatigue in Primiparous Women. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2013; 11(6): 557-66. [Farsi]  }, Keywords = {Spontaneous Pushing, Managemented Pushing, Postpartum Fatigue, Primiparous}, volume = {11}, Number = {6}, pages = {557-566}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5304-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5304-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Relationship Between Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Hemodynamic Indexes of Intracranial Cerebral Vessels in Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Non alcoholic fatty liver disease is a common disease with an increased risk of atherosclerotic changes of the vascular structures, which could lead to vascular disease. This study has been carried out to evaluate the significant relationship among non alcoholic fatty liver disease and hemodynamic criterion of the intracranial vessels by transcranial doppler ultrasound as a non invasive method. Matrials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, involving 47 subjects ages 23 to 68, who had been evaluated for hemodynamic criterion of the intracranial vessels by transcranial doppler ultrasound were studied. Subjects were divided  based on the ultrasound criterion for fatty liver disease as follows: mild (10 patients), moderate (10 patients) and severe (11 patients). ANOVA and K2 were used to analyze the data. Results: The results indicated that the hemodynamic criterion of intracranial cerebral vessels, pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) in anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries and internal carotid arteries in severe non alcoholic fatty liver group were significantly higher as compared to control group (p<0.05). There was a significant increased in these hemodynamic criterion values in middle cerebral arteries in non alcoholic moderate fatty liver group as compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Increase in the values of pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of the intracranial cerebral vessels in moderate and severe non alcoholic fatty liver groups could be related to atherosclerotic changes of the intracranial vessels owing to malfunction of the cellular endothelium secondary to non alcoholic fatty liver disease as part of the metabolic syndrom, emphysis the significance control of the atherosclerotic risk factors and early prevention and treatment of intracranial vessels disease to reduce complications of the non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Key words: non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - trans cranial doppler ultrasound - hemodynamic criterion of intracranial cerebral arteries   Funding:This research was funded by Neuroscience Research Center of Kerman University College of medicine. Conflict of interest:None declared. Etical approval: The Ethics committee of Kerman University College of medicine approved the study by number: EC/KNRC/88-35 How to cite this article: Fahimi F, Shafiee K, Ahmadi J, Mehrabian M, Pezeshki E, A. Dehgani Relationship Between Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Hemodynamic Indexes of Intracranial Cerebral Vessels in Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2013; 11(6): 567-74. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - trans cranial doppler ultrasound - hemodynamic criterion of intracranial cerebral arteries}, volume = {11}, Number = {6}, pages = {567-574}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5305-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-5305-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Zare-Bidaki, M. and Rezaein, M. and Ali-Abasi, P.}, title = {A Review on the Ethical Issues of Animal Research}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: The use of laboratory animals for biomedical research, due to using unwilling research subjects in potentially painful or distressful procedures usually leading to death, is a hotly debated ethical issue . The our purpose was to review of ethical issues of using animals in biomedical research from historical, theoretical, scintific and Islamic standpoints.   Materials and Methods: To collect appropriate research papers and resources in this regard, the related Persian and English words and phrases were searched in a valid set of Iranian and world scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, IranMedex, Magiran and SID.   Results and Discussion: historitically, there is an increasing sensitivity to using animals in biomedicine in Iran and the world. Theoretically, if animal would have consciousness and ability to experiencing pain and distress, then application of some methods resulted to pain, distress and killing will not justifiable. Recent scientific evidence is suggesting of animal abilities to exprincing and supressing various pains and emotions, as well as the existence of basic emotional systems (such as anger, fear, panic, depression and stress) and vebal, problem-solving skills, tool-related cognition, empathy and self-awareness, causal reasoning, flexible learning, imagination, prospection and Play behavior. These abilities and features may confer a base for ethical protection. Besides, according to Islamic doctrines, the creation of animals has purposeful and animals deserve care and respect hence, many catholic Islamic decrees regarding to the interaction between human and animals may be generalized to animal using in research.   Conclusion: Animal rights and ethical issues in the animal research are supported by solid theoretical, scientific, Islamic and legislatorial fundamentals. It seems necessary that researches become aware and comply with the regulations, as well as to have enough attention to the soul of regulations, i.e. to minimize the animal use and to promote the quality of life of animal research subjects.   Key words: Ethics, Rights, Research, Animal, Islam     How to cite this article : Zare-Bidaki M, Rezaein M, Ali-Abasi P . A Review on the Ethical Issues of Animal Research. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2013 11(6): 575-98. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Ethics, Rights, Research, Animal, Islam }, volume = {11}, Number = {6}, pages = {575-598}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1616-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1616-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Akhgary, M. and AghazadehAmiri, M. and Ghassemi-Broumand, M. and Tabatabaee, S.M.}, title = {Prevalence of Presbyopia in Patients Examined in Optometry Clinic Affiliated with Rehabilitation Faculty of Shahid Beheshti Medical University (Short Report)}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of presbyopia in patients examined in Optometry clinic of Faculty of Rehabilitation of Shahid Beheshti Medical Univessity.   Meterials and Methods : In this crosse- sectional study, 600 files of the patients examined in the optometry clinic of Rehabilitation Faculty of Shahid Beheshti Medical university in year 2008/2009 were analyzed. Variables included age, sexe, amount and type of refractive errors, presbyopia and health of anterior and posterior eye segment. The patients were divided into two groups: groupe 1, included the pattients ages less than 40 and groupe 2, patients ages 40 years and older. Groupe 2, were divided. The deta were analyzed using X2 and descriptive test.   Results : The mean and standard deviation of ages of all the 600 patients' was 34.21±21 and for presbyopic patients was 55.53±10.9 years. Prevalence of presbyopia in total population was 41% and in population over 40 years, was 92.5%. From 246 presbyopic patients, 131 cases (53.3%) were females and 115 cases (46.7%) were males. There was a significant statistica l difference between the presbyopia patients compared to the other groups (p<0.0001) but this different between men and women was not significant (p= 0.23).   Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of presbyopia increased with aging. The prevalence of presbyopia in hypermetropia patients was more than myopic patients.   Key word s: Presbyopia, Refractive error, Age and gender     Funding : This research was funded by Shahid Beheshti Medical University.   Conflict of intrest: None declared.   Ethicts committe aproval: The nummer of 87-01-93-5971- December 22, 2009 Shahid Beheshti Medical University.     How to cite this article : Akhgary M, Aghazadeh Amiri M , Ghassemi- Broumand M, Tabatabaee SM. Prevalence of Presbyopia in Patients Examined in Optometry Clinic Affiliated with Rehabilitation Faculty of Shahid Beheshti Medical University . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2013 11(6): 599-604. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Presbyopia, Refractive error, Age and gender }, volume = {11}, Number = {6}, pages = {599-604}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1617-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1617-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ghotaslou, R. and Farajnia, S.}, title = {Detection of Neisseria meningitidis in Pediatrics Meningitis by PCR, in Comparison to Culture and Agglutination Tests (Short Report)}, abstract ={  Background and Objectives: Bacterial meningitis especially meningococcal meningitis is a serious and sometimes fatal infection . The aim of this study was the determination of meningitis disease by routine and molecular assay s .   Materials and Methods : CSF samples were collected from 275 children and agglutination, bacteriological tests were achieved. DNA extraction was done according to phenol-chlorophorm method and PCR was carried out by the specific primers.   Results : The mean age of the patients was 42±2 month. Younges was 11 days and the oldest child was 11 years old. Meningococcal meningitis was more common in the male gender. Totally, Neisseria meningitidis was found in 3 (1.1%), 5(1.8%) and 10(3.6%) by culture, agglutination and PCR assays, respectively.   Conclusion : One of the most common etiological agents of meningitis is Neisseria meningitidis in the Azerbaijan state. Molecular diagnosis has higher sensitivity and specifity in comparison to culture and agglutination tests.   Key words : Meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis , PCR    Funding: This research was funded by Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.  Conflict of interest: None declared.  Ethical approval: The committee of the Research Council and ethical committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences was approved the study.     How to cite this article : Ghotaslou R, Farajnia S. Detection of Neisseria meningitidis in Pediatrics Meningitis by PCR, in Comparison to Culture and Agglutination Tests (Short Report). J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(6): 605-610. [Farsi]}, Keywords = {Meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis , PCR }, volume = {11}, Number = {6}, pages = {605-610}, publisher = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1618-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-1618-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1735-3165}, eissn = {2008-7268}, year = {2012} }