Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
1735-3165
16
3
2017
6
1
How to Avoid Plagiarism in Writing the Methods Section of an Article
189
190
FA
M.
Rezaeian
سخن سردبیر
Editorial
مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
دوره شانزدهم، خرداد 1396، 190-189
چگونه در نگارش بخش روشهای مطالعه از دستبرد علمی در امان باشیم
How to Avoid Plagiarism in Writing the Methods Section of an Article
محسن رضائیان[1]،[2]
M. Rezaeian
در سخن سردبیری شماره زمستان سال 1388 مجله، به موضوع بسیار مهم دستبرد علمی (Plagiarism) و دستبرد علمی از خود (Self-Plagiarism) پرداختیم [1]. دستبرد علمی به معنی استفاده کلمات یا ایدههای فرد دیگر بدون ذکر استناد مناسب به آن است. دستبرد علمی از خود نیز دقیقاً به معنی استفاده از کلمات یا ایده خود فرد بدون ذکر استناد مناسب به آن میباشد. لازم به تأکید مجدد است که ارتکاب چنین خطاهایی، بهویژه دستبرد علمی از دیگران به هنگام نگارش یک مقاله علمی، بهعنوان یکی از مهمترین موارد خلافکاریهای پژوهشی قلمداد میگردد [2].
بهمنظور اجتناب از هرگونه دستبرد علمی از دیگران و یا از مقالات قبلی خود، میبایست متن مورداستفاده را در داخل گیومه گذاشت و بلافاصله پس از گیومه، به منبع اصلی ارجاع داد. راهحل دیگر نیز، استفاده از هنرِ «به زبان خود نوشتن» یا (Paraphrasing) است. به این معنی که ابتدا باید متن موردنظر را با دقت خواند و سپس به بیان دیگری آن را بازنویسی نمود، که در این صورت، دیگر نیازی به استفاده از گیومه نیست، اما باید بلافاصله پس از خاتمه مطلب، به منبع اصلی ارجاع داد [3].
یکی از بخشهای مهم مقاله که در نگارش آن استفاده از کلمات و ایدههای دیگران و یا کلمات و ایدههای یک محقق در مقالات قبلی وی ضروری مینماید، بخش روشهای یک مقاله است. در این بخش، محقق یا محققین روشهای مطالعات قبلی خود و یا مطالعات دیگران را تکرار میکنند. باوجوداین، در نگارش این بخش نیز همان قوانین سختگیرانه مربوط به دستبرد علمی لحاظ میگردد. بنابراین، در این بخش نیز محققین یا میبایست از گیومه و یا از هنرِ «به زبان خود نوشتن» بهره ببرند.
باوجوداین، راهحل سومی نیز به هنگام نگارش بخش روشهای یک مقاله وجود دارد و آن ارجاع خوانندگان به مقاله اصلی، بدون ذکر جزئیات آن میباشد [4]. برای مثال، محققین میتوانند در بخش روشهای مقاله خود اینگونه بیان نمایند که: «در این مطالعه، روش توصیفشده توسط Selvin و همکاران [منبع] برای محاسبه میزانهای غیرمستقیم مورد استفاده قرار گرفت.» در این صورت، دیگر نیازی به ذکر جزئیات روش مورداستفاده نیست و خوانندگان میتوانند برای دریافت جزئیات روش موردنظر، به مقاله اصلی استنادشده مراجعه نمایند.
References
[1] Rezaeian M. Publication Ethics. JRUMS 2009; 8 (4): 251-252.
[2] Rezaeian M. Classification of Research Misconducts. JRUMS 2015; 13 (10): 923-924.
[3] Rezaeian M. How to Prevent Plagiarism. JRUMS 2016; 14 (12): 999-1000.
[4] Wallace MB, Siersema PD. Ethics in publication. Gastrointest Endosc 2015 Sep; 82(3): 439-42.
[1]- استاد گروه آموزشی اپیدمیولوژی و آمار زیستی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران
تلفن: 31315123-034، دورنگار: 31315123-034، پست الکترونیکی: moeygmr2@yahoo.co.uk
[2]- استاد مرکز تحقیقات محیط کار، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
1735-3165
16
3
2017
6
1
The Role of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 (PDK4) on the Expression of
Citrate Synthase in the Skeletal Muscle After 4 Weeks of Endurance
Training in Male Wistar Rats
191
202
FA
S.
Aminizadeh
A.
Habibi
H.
Marefati
S.
Shakerian
Background and Objective: Maintaining a balance between energy demand and supply is critical for health. In this process, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) enzyme plays an important role to maintain energy homeostasis. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of PDK4 on the expression of citrate synthase in the skeletal muscle after 4 weeks of endurance training in male Wistar rats.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups including Control (n=8), Control+Dichloroacetate (n=8), Endurance training (n=8), and Endurance training+Dichloroacetate (n=8). PDK4 was inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of Dichloroacetate (DCA) (150 mg/kg.day) on daily bases. Four weeks of endurance training (5 times per week) started at 15 m/min for 20 min and reached 27 m/min for 50 min. Expression of genes was measured by Real-Time PCR method. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey test were used for comparisons between groups.
Results: The expression of PDK4 (P=0.001) and citrate synthase (P=0.025) mRNA in endurance training group was higher than the control group. The expression of PDK4 mRNA in the endurance training+DCA group was higher compared to the control group (P=0.001), but the expression of citrate synthase mRNA in endurance training+DCA group was lower compared to the control group (P=0.016).
Conclusion: PDK4 enzyme changes the energy source from glucose to fat, probably it is a key enzyme in the regulation of glucose oxidation in Krebs cycle and glucose oxidation.
Key words: Metabolic flexibility, Endurance training, Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, Rat
Funding: This study was funded by Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, and Research Center of Basic Physiology and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Research Center of Basic Physiology and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences approved the study (Ethical code: IR.KMU.REC.1394.449).
How to cite this article: Aminizadeh S, Habibi A, Marefati H, Shakerian S. The Role of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 (PDK4) on the Expression of Citrate Synthase in the Skeletal Muscle After 4 Weeks of Endurance Training in Male Wistar Rats J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(3): 191-202. [Farsi]
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
1735-3165
16
3
2017
6
1
Effects of Alcoholic Extracts of Maymarz (Juniperuse sabina) on Oogenesis in Matured NMRI Mouse Strain
203
216
FA
S.
Mortazavi Gazar
F.
Tafvizi
N.
Hayati Roodbari
P.
Yaghmaee
Background and Objective: Oogenesis is a process of sexual reproduction in many animals. Some medicinal plants are effective in the process of evalution and pregnancy and some others cause disorders. The Juniperus Sabina is a species of Juniperus which is used in traditional medicine as an abortive. Therefore, we decided to examine the effect of the essence of Juniperus Sabina’s fruit on the possible effect of the etanolic extracts of Juniperus sabina on oogenesis in matured female NMRI mouse strain.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 30matured female NMRI mice which weighed 30 to 35 grams were divided into 5 groups. The groups included control group, sham group, and the three experimental groups named as one, two, and three. The control group used the special water and food for mice which was fed to all the groups. The sham group was tested by water and tween solvent. The 1, 2, and 3 experimental groups received 15, 45, and 135 mg/kg of their body weight doses of the essence of Juniperus sabina, respectively for a period of 30 days. At the end of the gavej period, small layers of mice ovary were prepared and the numbers and diagonals of its follicles were measured. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett multiple comparison test were used for data analysis.
Results: The numbers of atretic follicles increased significantly in doses of 45 and 135 mg/kg in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). Also a significant increase was found in the number of the yellow-bodies (corpus luteum) in doses of 15, 45,and 135 mg/kg compared to the control group (p < 0.05).The number of graafian follicles decreased significantly in 15, 45,and 135 mg/kg doses compared to the control group (p< 0.05). The primordial follicles were not observed in any of the experimental groups.
Conclusion: It seems that the consumption of high doses of Juniperuse sabina by women leads to some changes in the size and number of the ovary follicles so it should be used with more caution.
Key words: Juniperus sabina extract, Oogenesis, NMRI mouse
Funding: This research was funded by Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, approved the study.
.How to cite this article: Mortazavi Gazar S, Tafvizi F, Hayati Roodbari N, Yaghmaee P. Effects of Alcoholic Extracts of Maymarz (Juniperuse sabina) on Oogenesis in Matured NMRI Mouse Strain S. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(3): 203-16. [Farsi]
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
1735-3165
16
3
2017
6
1
Comparison of Some Outcomes of Two Techniques for Expansion of the Low Transverse Uterine Incision at Cesarean Section
217
226
FA
M.
Mokhtari
Associate Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan ,Iran
M.
Yaghmaei
Associate Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, ShahidBeheshtiUnlversity of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran(Corresponding Author)
M.
Mohammadi
Associate Professor of Statistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
E.
Mirzaei
Obstetrician and gynecologist
Background and Objective: Cesarean section is performed so frequently that even modest differences in outcome that result from a better technique can have effects on cost and public health. The purpose of this study was to compare two methods (transverse and cephalad) of expansion of the low transverse uterine incision in cesarean section.
Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical controlled trial in 145 women who had low segment transverse cesarean section, the initial uterine incision was extended transversally and in 143 women in a cephalad- cauded direction. Outcomes of this study included unintended extension of uterine incision, uterine vessel injury, need for additional sutures after closure of uterine incision, blood transfusion, estimation of intraoperative blood loss, and decreased Hb value more than 10 percent after operation. Data were evaluated using t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test.
Results: No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding patient characteristics, indication of surgery, and type of anesthesia and proportion of emergency procedures. The occurrence of uterine vessel injury (5.51% versus 2/09%, P=0.010), need for additional sutures for controlling uterine incision bleeding (17.93% versus 2.79%, P<0.001), and intraoperative estimated blood loss (689 versus 579 mL, P= 0.001) were significantly higher in the transverse group than in the cephalad- cauded group.
Conclusion: probably the cephalad- cauded technique is preferred when low segment transverse cesarean section is performed.
Key words: Cesarean section, Hystrotomy, Uterine incision, Lower segment, Surgical technique, Outcome assessment
Funding: This study did not have funds.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences approved the study.
How to cite this article: Mokhtari M, Yaghmaei M, Mohammadi M, Mirzaei E. Comparison of some outcomes of two techniques for expansion of the low transverse uterine incision at cesarean section. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(2): 217-26. [Farsi]
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
1735-3165
16
3
2017
6
1
Protective Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Allium Saralicum R.M. Fritsch on CCl4- Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice
227
238
FA
N.
Goodarzi
Razi University
M. M.
Zangeneh
Razi University
A.
Zangeneh
Razi University
F.
Najafi
Kermanshah University of Medical Science
R.
Tahvilian
Kermanshah University of Medical Science
Background and Objective: Due to their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, medicinal plants can protect the liver against hepatotoxicant induced injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Allium Saralicum R.M. Fritsch (ASRMF) on CCl4- induced hepatotoxicity in mice.
Materials and Methods: In the present experimental study, 35 male mice were divided into 5 equal groups. The negative control received 1ml/kg of olive oil and positive controls received 1 ml/kg of 50%-50% solution of olive oil and CCl4, intraperitoneally. Three treatment groups received 200, 800, and 1600 µg/kg of ethanolic extract of ASRMF in addition to CCl4 through gavage. All administrations were done twice a week for 45 days. On the last day, serum levels of samples of ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate aminotransferase), and ALP (Alkaline-phosphatase) enzymes were measured. Total volume of the liver, hepatocytes, sinusoids, portal veins, central veins, hepatic arteries, and bile ducts were estimated in histological sections. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukeys’ tests.
Results: As compared to the CCl4 - treated group, ethanolic extract of ASRMF could significantly decrease the rised levels of liver and also volume of the liver, hepatocytes, and sinusoids (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that ethanolic extract of ASRMF at low and intermediate doses can protect the liver against hepatotoxicants induced injuries.
Key words: Allium Saralicum R.M. Fritsch, CCl4, Mice, Hepatotoxicity, Antioxidant
Funding: There was no fund for this study.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Razi University approved the study.
How to cite this article: Goodarzi N, Zangeneh MM, Zangeneh A, Najafi F, Tahvilian R. Protective Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Allium Saralicum R.M. Fritsch on CCl4- Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(3): 227-38. [Farsi]
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
1735-3165
16
3
2017
6
1
Heart Waves and Time-Based Prospective Memory Performance in University Students of Kurdistan in 2015-2016
239
256
FA
M.
Mosalman
A.
Sohrabi
Background and Objective: Prospective memory performance is vital in everyday life. And considering the relationship between cognitive activity and cardiac parameters, this study aimed to evaluate heart waves and the time-based prospective memory performance and was conducted among university students of Kurdistan in 2015-2016.
Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive study that its statistical population included all university students of Kurdistan in the 2015-2016 school year. To obtain a prototype, at first a number of university students of Kurdistan through convenience sampling and calling were given some necessary information in relation to attending the research and reseach purposes andconduction method; among them 70 students who wish to participate in the study were evaluated. According to the study, after analysis of the results, results of 50 students (22 with strong time-based prospective memory performance and 28 with poor time-based prospective memory performance) were selected and studied. Time-based prospective memory computer tools and ProComp 2 Biofeedback System device to record the heart waves were used. The obtained data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance.
Results: The results showed significant differences between the two groups with strong and poor time-based prospective memory scores in heart waves in the band (BVP IBI std. Dev. (SDRR)) that in fact, measures heart rate variability at the level of (p<0.05) This means that individuals with strong time-based prospective memory have a higher heart rate variability than those with poor time-based prospective memory.
Conclusion: These findings show that attention to the results of heart rate variability during cognitive tasks can possibly show qualitative differences in cognitive function between individuals. So the results indicate a two-way communication between heart and brain function.
Key words: Time-based prospective memory, Heart waves, Heart rate variability, Students, Kurdistan
Funding: This article did not have any funds.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of University of Kurdistan approved the study.
How to cite this article: Mosalman M, Sohrabi A. Heart Waves and Time-Based Prospective Memory Performance in University Students of Kurdistan in 2015-2016. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(3): 239-56. [Farsi]
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
1735-3165
16
3
2017
6
1
Presentation of the Guideline of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology
257
274
FA
M.R.
Rahmani
F.
Ayoobi
S.
Assar
S.
Jalalpour
M.
Rezaeian
Background and Objective: Studies in the health sciences is comprised of observational and intervention. A major part of health sciences research has been allocated to the observational studies. Designing and doing studies based on scientific guidelines that include the entire process, leads to studies validation and also results can be generalized to the community. Thus, for standardizing the scientific and observational studies, a statement entitled "Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology" (STROBE) was presented. The purpose of drafting a STROBE statement, is making recommendations to clarify the design, methods, and findings of observational studies and is not requiring researchers to follow a particular methodology. In other words, the purpose of the STROBE statement is better "reporting" of observational studies and not better "doing". According to the importance of designing and scientific reporting of observational articles, this study was performed for presentation of the STROBE statement, history, goals, and weaknesses for Persian speaking readers.
Materials and Methods: To verify the STROBE statement, STROBE website and published articles on the evaluation of STROBE effectiveness and related articles were studied.
Results: The results of this study showed the lack of adequate use of STROBE statement in the articles published after the presentation of this statement.
Conclusion: Knowledge of the scientific standards for reporting research in Iran to enhance the academic standing and the quality of research, leads to improved academic standing of the Iranian specialists in the world.
Key words: Observational Studies, Cohort, Case-control, Cross-sectional, Ecological, STROBE
Funding: This research was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study.
How to cite this article: Rahmani M.R, Ayoobi F, Assar S, Jalalpour S, Rezaeian M. Presentation of the Guideline of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(3): 257-74. [Farsi]
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
1735-3165
16
3
2017
6
1
The Relationship between Internet Addiction and General Health in Nursing Students at Shahroud University of Medical Sciences in 2015: A Short Report
275
282
FA
M.
Abolhassani
F.
Mehravar
N.
Eftekhari
M.
Talebi
M.
Saemi
A.
Karimi
M.
Shamsizadeh
Background and Objective: The excessive and inappropriate use of the internet may lead to addiction. According to the fact that students spend many hours online to do their homework, study their lessons, and do research, their general health is in danger. This study aimed to determine the relationship between internet addiction and general health in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences in 2015.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 187 nursing students were attending in second semester of 2014-2015 in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected through census method using three questionnaires including demographic characteristics, internet addiction test (IAT), and Goldberg general health questionnaire (GHQ). Data were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and chi-square test.
Results: The mean and standard deviation of age of students who participated in this study was 21.63±3.25 years. Fifty two point four percent of the students were female and 89.8% were single. Also, the mean and standard deviation of the hours of using the social networks was 2.65±1.14 per day. There was a statistically significant relation between internet addiction and general health (p<0.001), normal users of internet were less exposed to the dangers of damage to general health.
Conclusion: General health was damaged in one third of the students and with regard to its relationship to internet addiction, preventing interactions seem necessary.
Key words: Addiction to internet, General health, Nursing students, Shahroud
Funding: This research was funded by Shahroud University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences approved the study.
How to cite this article: Abolhassani M, Mehravar F, Eftekhari N, Talebi M, Saemi M, Karimi A, Shamsizadeh M. The Relationship between Internet Addiction and General Health in Nursing Students at Shahroud University of Medical Sciences in 2015: A Short Report. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(3): 275-82. [Farsi]
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
1735-3165
16
3
2017
6
1
An Academic Misconduct Entitled “Article Creating”
283
290
FA
M.
Dadkhah
Management dperatment
M.
Lagzian
Management dperatment
Background and Objective: In recent years by using advantages of web technologies and growing of academic journals, academic world is faced with new misconducts. Many researchers and scientists in all over the world tried to cover these misconducts and prevent them, but day by day we can see new academic misconducts. In this paper, we tried to introduce new academic misconducts entitled “paper crating”.
Materials and Methods: Based on the paper type, this paper used library studies and authors’ experience.
Results: some papers and previous studies discussed about data manipulating, but it seems that some issues such as plagiarism, ghostwriting, copycat writing and predatory journals are not familiar for most authors. So in this paper we wanted to increase awareness of authors about the mentioned issues to prevent possible misconducts. We defined each misconduct and presented an example for each to increase awareness of authors.
Conclusion: This paper increases awareness of researchers and help them to be more ethical than previous.
Keywords: Academic Misconducts, Academic Ethics, Paper Creating, Data manipulation, Predatory journals
Funding: There was no fund for this article. This article did not have any funds.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
How to cite this article: Dadkhah M, Lagzian M. An Academic Misconduct Entitled “Article Creating”. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(2): 283-90. [Farsi]