69 1735-3165 Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 5792 Statistics; Epidemiology Read Your Published Papers Rezaeian M. 1 1 2021 19 10 1013 1014 16 01 2021 21 01 2021 سخن سردبیر Editorial مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان دوره نوزدهم، دی 1399، 1014-1013       مقالات منتشر شده خودتان را بخوانید Read Your Published Papers     محسن رضائیان[1]   M. Rezaeian     تا کنون در مجله دانشگاه، پیرامون مطالعه مستمر یک مقاله قبل از چاپ آن توسط نویسندگان، نکات مهمی را به رشته تحریر در آورده‌ایم [3-1]. مطالعه‌ی چند باره یک مقاله، قبل از آن که مقاله منتشر گردد، کمک می‌نماید تا نویسندگان هر گونه خطای احتمالی در نگارش مقاله را متوجه شده و آن‌ها را مرتفع نمایند. این امری حیاتی است که به گسترش دانش صحیح، کمک شایانی می‌نماید. با این وجود، در سخن سردبیری حاضر قصد داریم که نویسندگان یک مقاله را تشویق نمائیم که مقالات چاپ شده خود را نیز بخوانند. هدف از خواندن یک مقاله تازه منتشر شده توسط نویسندگان آن، چیست؟ مجلات، معمولاً تمایل دارند هرگونه خطای موجود در یک مقاله را قبل ار انتشار آن، برطرف نمایند. با این وجود، آنها ممکن است در موقعیت‌های استثنایی، یعنی اگر خطای بسیار مهمی در متن مقاله وجود داشته باشد که قبل از چاپ آن برطرف نگردیده، اقدام به انتشار Corrigendum (خطای نویسندگان) یا اراتم Erratum  (خطای مجله) بنمایند [4]. بنابراین، به ویژه برای کسانی که در حوزه سلامت کار می‌کنند، اطمینان از انتشار بدون اشتباه نتایج مطالعه‌شان، حائز اهمیت فراوانی است. از همین رو، آن‌ها باید هر گونه خطای احتمالی در متن مقاله منتشر شده خود را مشخص و به دست‌اندرکاران مجله اعلام نمایند [5]. خواندن مقاله منتشر شده توسط نویسندگان حتی در یک بازه زمانی طولانی‌تر نیز مجدداً توصیه می‌گردد. منتهی هدف از این بازخوانی در یک بازه زمانی طولانی‌تر، ضرورتاً پیدا کردن خطاهای احتمالی در چاپ مقاله نیست. بلکه هدف این باز خوانی، دست یافتن به یک برداشت متفاوت است. این برداشت متفاوت ممکن است منجر به انجام یک مطالعه جدید گردد. هم‌چنین، ممکن است به نویسندگان کمک ‌نماید که مقالات مشابه در دست نگارش خود را با الهام از مقالات منتشر شده خود، به شیوه‌ی مناسب‌تری به رشته تحریر در آورند. بالاخره، هدف دیگر بازخوانی مقاله در یک بازه زمانی طولانی‌تر، دست یافتن به احساس رضایت از انتشار مقاله‌ای است که نویسندگان برای آن زحمات فراوانی را متحمل شده‌اند [5].     References [1] Rezaeian M. How Much Time Does It Need to Write an Article? JRUMS 2020; 19 (3): 221-22. [2] Rezaeian M. The development, submit, revise and publication stages of an article. JRUMS 2015; 13 (9): 737-8. [3] Rezaeian M. The Necessity of Multiple Revision of the First Draft of an Article. JRUMS 2016; 15 (3): 193-4. [4] Rezaeian M. The Difference between Erratum and Corrigendum. JRUMS 2016; 14 (11): 911-12 [5] Hanna M. How to write better medical papers. Springer. New York. 2019.     [1]- استاد گروه آموزشی اپیدمیولوژی و آمار زیستی، دانشکده پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات محیط کار، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران     تلفن: 31315123-034، دورنگار: 31315123-034، پست الکترونیکی: moeygmr2@yahoo.co.uk، ارکید:  0000-0003-3070-0166
5612 Environmental Health Investigating the Effect of Coagulation and Flocculation - Adsorption Process on Boron Removal from Industrial Wastewater (Case Study: Ceramic Tile Industry) Zarei Mahmudabadi T. c Ebrahimi A.A d Ehrampoush M.H. e Eslami H. f c Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran d Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran e Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran f Occupational Environment Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sceiences, Rafsanjan, Iran 1 1 2021 19 10 1015 1034 04 10 2020 27 12 2020 Background and Objectives: Boron is widely found in raw materials and wastewater of the tile industry and its removal from aquatic environments is very complex. The aim of this study was to remove boron from wastewater of ceramic tile industry using coagulation and flocculation-adsorption process. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study. Initially, for the coagulation process, pH parameters between 5 to 11, concentrations of 150 to 450 mg/L of poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) and concentrations of 0.5 to 2.5 mg/L of anionic and cationic polymers were examined. Then, in the adsorption process, the effect of pH between 2 to 7 at contact times of 5 to 20 min was investigated. Finally, the data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test. Results: The results showed that the percentage of boron removal by poly-aluminum chloride at the optimum pH equal 8 and the concentration of 400 mg/L was 35.7% and in combination with 1.5 and 2.5 mg/L anionic and cationic polymer, removal efficiency of 54.2 % (from 35 to 16 mg/L) was observed. Then, in the adsorption process with an optimum pH equal 5 and contact time of 15 minutes, removal efficiency of 50% (from 16 to 8 mg/L) was obtained. Examination of isotherms in the adsorption process showed that boron adsorption follows the Freundlich isotherm and first-degree kinetics. Conclusion: According to the results, the combined process of coagulation and flocculation with adsorption can be introduced as an effective process in boron removal. Key words: Coagulation, Flocculation, Adsorption, Boron, Industrial wastewater   Funding: This research was funded by Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Conflict of interest: None declared Ethical approval: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (IR.SSU.SPH.REC.1394.15). How to cite this article: Zarei Mahmudabadi T, Ebrahimi A A, Ehrampoush M H, Eslami H. Investigating the Effect of Coagulation and Flocculation-Adsorption Process on Boron Removal from Industrial Wastewater: (Case study: Ceramic Tile Industry). J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2021; 19 (10): 1015-34. [Farsi] 5266 تربیت بدنی The Effect of Music-Based Blended Environment on the Development of Motor Skills in Children with Autism: A Quasi-Experimental Study Moradimokhles H. g Bagheri Sh. h g Bu-Ali Sina University h University of Nahavand 1 1 2021 19 10 1035 1052 25 04 2020 07 12 2020 Background and Objectives: The use of integrated interventions in autistic children is expanding. Autistic children's interest in music and their ability to understand it can be effective in therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to determine the effect of a music-based integrated environment on motor development skills in autistic children. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest control group design. Subjects were selected by convenience sampling method from among children with autism at Rozaneh Autism Center in Hamadan in 2019 and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. A total of 15 autistic children formed the intervention group, while 15 autistic children formed the control group. The experimental group performed a 12-week exercise program with music and the control group performed only a 12-week exercise program. Data were collected using a demographic form, a Lincoln-Oseretsky developmental motor scale. Independent t-test and ANCOVA test were used to measure the effect of music intervention. Results: It was found that the Lincoln-Oseretsky mean score in the intervention group in post-test was significantly higher than the pre-test (p<0.05). Conclusion: Overall, it was concluded that the music-based blended environment can be effective in the development of motor skills in children with autism. Therefore, blended intervention including music along with other therapies can lead to useful results in improving the performance of children with autism. Key words: Blended environment, Music, Motor skills, Autism   Funding: This study was funded by University of Nahavand. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Nahavand University approved the study (IR.NAHGU.REC.1398.001).   How to cite this article: Moradimokhles H, Bagheri Sh. The Effect of Music-Based Blended Environment on the Development of Motor Skills in Children with Autism: A Quasi-Experimental Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2021; 19 (10): 1035-52. [Farsi] 5606 Psychiatry Modeling Internet Addiction Based on Interpersonal Sensitivity and Parents’ Marital Conflict with the Mediating Role of Effortful Control in Students of Ardabil City in the 2020 Academic Year: A Descriptive Study Basharpoor S. i Ahmadi Sh j Heidari F. k i Mohaghegh Ardabili j Mohaghegh Ardabili k Mohaghegh Ardabili 1 1 2021 19 10 1053 1070 26 09 2020 13 12 2020 Background and Objectives: Sensitivity to interpersonal interactions and marital conflicts plays an important role in the tendency of children to become addicted to the Internet. The aim of this study was to model Internet addiction based on interpersonal sensitivity and parents’ marital conflict with the mediating role of effortful control in students. Materials and Methods: The present research method is descriptive. The statistical population was all first and second year high school students in Ardabil in 2020. A sample of 239 people from this population was selected by available sampling method and answered the questionnaires of Internet addiction, Effortful Control, Interpersonal Sensitivity and Parents’ Marital Conflict. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that Internet addiction was positively correlated with the total score of interpersonal sensitivity (r=0.57, p<0.001) and parents’ marital conflict (r=0.36, p<0.001) and had a negative correlation with effortful control (r=-0.44, p<0.001). Effortful control was also negatively related to the total score of interpersonal sensitivity (r=-0.21, p<0.001) and parents’ marital conflict (r=-0.17, p<0.001). Model fit indices also confirmed the effect of interpersonal sensitivity and parents’ marital conflict on Internet addiction with the mediating role of effortful control. Conclusion: The results of this research can be used in creating applications and workshops for adolescents who are addicted to the Internet as well as in the prevention of Internet addiction. Key words: Internet Addiction, Effortful control, Interpersonal sensitivity, Parents’ marital conflict, Students, Ardabil   Funding: This study was funded by University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Ardabili University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IR.ARUMS.REC.1399.407).   How to cite this article: Basharpoor S, Ahmadi S, Heidari F. Modeling Internet Addiction Based on Interpersonal Sensitivity and Parents’ Marital Conflict with the Mediating Role of Effortful Control in Students of Ardabil City in the 2020 Academic Year: A Descriptive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2021; 19 (10): 1053-70. [Farsi] 5558 Environmental Health Assessing the Effectiveness of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide Pollutants due to Abadan Oil Refinery on Hospital Areas Using CALPUFF Model in 2018: A Descriptive Study Ravan M. l Madadi H. m Sabzghabaei G. R. n l Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology m Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology n Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology 1 1 2021 19 10 1071 1088 23 08 2020 26 12 2020 Background and Objectives: Hospitals as one of the most important sensitive populated areas must be located in areas within standard air quality. The aim of this study was assessing Abadan hospitals outdoor air quality affected by oil refinery using CALPUFF (California Puff) model. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on the dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the catalyst unit of Abadan oil refinery for 12 months of 2018. Upper and surface climate data, land cover map, physical properties of smokestacks and emission rate of pollutants were used as input data in CALPUFF modeling system. Results: Based on the results, the highest level of SO2-1hr occurred in January and in the other months this pollutant was higher than the standard limit. Maximum concentration of NO2-1hr was observed in January that was higher than the standard level. SO2-1hr and NO2-1hr had limited distribution in 1500 meters buffer of smokestacks. Outdoor air pollutants concentration in hospital areas were lower than the standards limit. Conclusion: Admissible level of pollutants in the hospitals ambient outdoor was due to large area of oil refinery land and limitation of pollutants propagation in average monthly. Using advanced air pollution models can be useful in awareness increasing and the vulnerability reducing of medical centers. Key words: Hospital, Oil refinery, SO2, NO2, Outdoor air pollution, Abadan   Funding: This study did not have any funds. Conflict of interest: None declared.   How to cite this article: Ravan M, Madadi H, Sabzghabaei G R. Assessing the Effectiveness of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide Pollutants due to Abadan Oil Refinery on Hospital Areas Using CALPUFF Model in 2018: A Descriptive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2021; 19 (10): 1071-88. [Farsi] 5219 Orthopedy Presenting a Model of Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Communication in Students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in the Academic Year of 2018-2019: A Descriptive Study Hassani H. Bagheri M. Ghorchian N.Gh. Jafari P. 1 1 2021 19 10 1089 1104 15 03 2020 15 03 2020 Background and Objectives: Effective communication is a key skill for all health care professionals, which has long been an important area for researchers in the field of health. Providing these communications is critical to providing high quality health care. The aim of this study was to present a model of factors affecting the promotion of communication effectiveness in the medical students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2018-2019. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive study. The statistical population included all medical students studying general doctorate at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 269 people in the academic year of 2018-2019 and 6,150 patients and clients. 155 medical students and 381 patients and clients were selected as the sample using the available sampling method and answered the researcher-made questionnaire of improving the effectiveness of communication. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that among the dimensions affecting the promotion of communication effectiveness, the outcomes had the highest factor coefficient or had the most impact on the model (0.622) and also the average degree of influence of the underlying components on the model had the least effect on the model (0.294). Conclusion: Factors affecting the effectiveness of communication included strategies, intervening conditions, causal conditions, contextual conditions and consequences. Having effective communication has positive effects for medical students, so there should be a lot of emphasis on teaching communication skills to medical students in medical students' training courses. Key words: Effectiveness, Student, Communication, Rafsanjan   Funding: None declared. Conflict of Interest: None declared   How to cite this article: Hassani H, Bagheri M, Gholi Ghorchian N, Jafari P. Presenting a Model of Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Communication in Students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in the Academic Year of 2018-2019: A Descriptive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2021; 19 (10): 1089-1104. [Farsi] 5392 Statistics; Epidemiology Epidemiology of Complete Suicide and Suicide Attempt in the Townships Covered by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences during the Years 2012 to 2016: A Cross- Sectional Study Pishbin S. Vaziri Nejad R. Khalili P. Ahmadinia H. Arabi M. Ahmadi A. K. Rezaian M. Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 1 1 2021 19 10 1105 1122 06 06 2020 24 10 2020 Background and Objectives: Suicide is a conscious act or behavior that a person does to die. Suicide is one of the most important health issues in the world. The present study was designed to investigate the epidemiology of suicide (complete-attempt) in the townships covered by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences during the years 2012 - 2016. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was performed on 22465 people who suicided (complete-attempt) during the years 2012 to 2016. The information was extracted from the checklist of the monthly report of the Suicide Prevention Program of the hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. After summarizing, it was reported as the number and percentage and analyzed using Chi-square test.  Results: 376 people (1.67) had completed suicide and 22089 people (98.33%) had attempted suicide. The mean age and standard deviation of those who suicided was 27.07±10.30 years. The highest number of completed suicides occurred in the age group of 25 to 34 years (114 people (30.32%), married people 256 people (68%), and men 226 people (60%). The highest number of suicides was in the age group of 15 to 24 years (10163 people (46%), married people 12703 people (58%), women 14748 people (67%) and housewives 8614 people (39%). Conclusion: In general, various demographic factors, family and economic problems can increase the risk of suicide. Also, the chance of suicide in married people, housewives and the age group of 15 to 34 years is high. More serious decisions need to be made to prevent suicide in vulnerable groups. Key words: Completed Suicide, Attempt, Epidemiology, Mazandaran Funding: This study was funded by Research Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IR.RUMS.REC.1397.064).   How to cite this article: Pishbin S, Vaziri Nejad R, Khalili P, Ahmadinia H, Arabi M, Ahmadi A K, Rezaian M. Epidemiology of Complete Suicide and Suicide Attempt in the Townships Covered by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences During the Years 2012 to 2016: A Cross- Sectional Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2021; 19 (10): 1105-22.[Farsi] 5589 زیست شناسی The Effect of Crocin on the Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 Genes in the Liver Tissue of Cadmium-Treated Rats: A Short Report Kasaeezadeh F. Asghari-Moghaddam N. Shahla S. Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University 1 1 2021 19 10 1123 1130 15 09 2020 04 11 2020 Background and Objectives: One of the causes of liver cancer is the heavy metal cadmium. Crocin is a compound with antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of crocin on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9) genes in cadmium-induced liver cancer in rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 female rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control; Crocin (15 mg/kg); Cadmium (20 mg/kg); Crocin±cadmium. After 8 weeks of daily treating by gavage, the liver tissue was removed to evaluate gene expression by Real-Time PCR. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA. Results: The results revealed that cadmium consumption increases the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 genes in the liver tissue (p<0.001). Crocin   significantly reduced the expression of both genes in the liver tissue (p<0.001). Conclusion: Crocin can reduce the raising effect of cadmium on the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in the liver tissue. Key words: Liver, Cadmium, Crocin, MMP2, MMP9   Funding: This manuscript did not have any funds Conflict of interest: None declared Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Tehran Science and Research branch of Islamic Azad University approved the study (IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1397.029)    How to cite this article: Kasaeezadeh F, Asghari-Moghaddam N, Shahla S. The Effect of Crocin on the Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 Genes in the Liver Tissue of Cadmium-Treated Rats: A Short Report. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2021; 19 (10): 1123-30. [Farsi] 5795 زیست شناسی Application of Structured Objective Exam in Assessing Skills and Performance of Public Health Students' Internship: Introducing an Objective Evaluation Approach Abdolkarimi M. 1 1 2021 19 10 1131 1132 19 01 2021 21 01 2021 نامه به سردبیر مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان دوره 19، دی 1399، 1132-1131   کاربرد [j1] آزمون ساختارمند عینی در ارزشیابی مهارت و عملکرد دوره کارآموزی دانشجویان بهداشت عمومی: معرفی یک رویکرد ارزشیابی عینی   Application of Structured Objective Exam in Assessing Skills and Performance of Public Health Students' Internship: Introducing an Objective Evaluation Approach   مهدی عبدالکریمی [1] M. Abdolkarimi                   مقدمه مراقبت‌های بهداشتی اولیه (Primary Health Care) اساس بزرگ‌ترین سیستم‌های ارائه خدمات سلامت را تشکیل می‌دهند [1] با ‌‌‌وجود پیشرفت‌های زیاد در  خدمات بهداشتی، کیفیت  خدمات بهداشتی اولیه هم‌چنان مورد تردید قرار دارد. بهبود کیفیت آموزش ‌کنندگان خدمات سلامت می‌تواند در ارتقای کیفیت خدمات تأثیر گذار باشد [2]. یکی از عوامل تعیین‌ کننده آموزش، کیفیت ارزشیابی دانش‌آموختگان است، به صورتی که اگر ارزشیابی، محدود به سطوح پایین حیطه شناختی مانند به یاد ‌‌‌‌‌‌آوردن باشد، یادگیری ایجاد شده هم، سطحی و فاقد کارآیی است [3]. بنابراین، لازم است ارائه کنندگان خدمات بهداشتی اولیه، با استفاده از روش‌های عینی و استاندارد مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرند [4]. بررسی شواهد نشان می‌دهد که ارزیابی گروه‌های ارائه ‌کننده خدمات بهداشتی، بیش‌تر با استفاده از روش‌های تئوری صورت گرفته است [5]. مراقبین سلامت، به عنوان سطح اول ارائه خدمات بهداشتی اولیه، وظیفه ارائه خدمات سلامت به گروه‌هایی از قبیل مادران باردار، کودکان، سالمندان و هم‌چنین حفظ و ارتقای سلامت جامعه را بر عهده دارند. با این‌حال بر اساس برخی مطالعات، مهارت‌ها و عملکردهای این گروه به طور عینی و دقیق مورد ارزیابی قرار نمی‌گیرد [6]. آزمون‌های ساختار‌مند عینی از جمله آزمون‌های استاندارد و پذیرفته شده در آموزش پزشکی هستند که مجموعه‌ای از مهارت‌ها با استفاده از یک ساختار از قبل تعیین شده مورد مشاهده قرار گرفته و نمره‌گذاری می‌شود. از مزایای این آزمون‌ها، روایی و پایایی بالا و کاهش سوءگیری می‌باشد [7]. اگر چه از این روش در ارزشیابی گروه‌‌‌های پرستاری و پزشکی به طور متعدد استفاده شده است، اما به ندرت در سنجش مهارت‌های ارائه کنندگان خدمات بهداشتی اولیه از این آزمون‌ها استفاده شده است. برای اولین بار در دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، جهت ارزیابی مهارت‌های اساسی فراگیران رشته بهداشت از آزمون ساختارمند عینی بررسی عملکرد و مهارت ((OSCE/OSPE Objective Structured Clinical/ Practical Examination استفاده شد. این آزمون در بهمن ماه 1398، جهت ارزیابی مهارت‌های پایان دوره کارشناسی بهداشت عمومی در محل برگزاری آزمون‌های بالینی دانشگاه اجرا شد. از آنجایی که تجارب انجام شده در این زمینه محدود بوده، مهارت‌های اساسی و ضروری، با استفاده از روش‌های مختلف نیازسنجی تدوین و با استفاده از چک لیست با توجه به دستورالعمل وزارت بهداشت مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در این ارزیابی با توجه به اهداف و حیطه فعالیت این گروه، مهارت‌های اجرای صحیح واکسیناسیون، کنترل صحیح فشار‌خون، مراقبت از سالمند بر اساس سامانه سیب، ارائه مشاوره تغذیه به گروه سنی نوجوان و جوان، آموزش لازم در مورد مکمل‌ها، مراقبت دوران بارداری و پایش سلامت آب، در قالب هفت ایستگاه مورد ارزیابی و پایش قرار گرفت. مهارت‌های عملکردی از قبیل ارتباط صحیح و آموزش مؤثر، در مواجهه با یک مددجوی آموزش دیده شده مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. اگر چه بازخورد اکثریت دانشجویان و مربیان، در مورد توانایی این آزمون در سنجش مهارت‌های اساسی در ارائه خدمات PHC مثبت بود، اما با توجه به جدید بودن، این آزمون با محدودیت‌هایی از جمله استرس دانشجویان و عدم امکان سنجش همه مهارت‌های ضروری همراه بود. بنابراین پیشنهاد می گردد در برنامه درسی طراحی شده و در حال اجرای فراگیران ارائه کننده خدمات سلامت جامعه، ارزیابی دقیق نحوه ارائه خدمات سلامت مورد توجه بیش‌تری قرار گیرد. امید است با طراحی آزمون‌های دقیق‌تر و استاندارد، که می‌تواند در نحوه آموزش بالینی این گروه‌ها هم تحول مثبتی ایجاد کند، شاهد ارتقاء خدمات سلامت جامعه باشیم.     References       [1] Sellera PE, Pedebos LA, Harzheim E, Medeiros OL, Ramos LG, Martins C, et al. Monitoring and evaluation of Primary Health Care attributes at the national level: new challenges. Cien Saude Colet 2020; 25 (4): 1401-12. [2] Li X, Krumholz HM, Yip W, Cheng KK, De Maeseneer J, Meng Q, et al. Quality of primary health care in China: challenges and recommendations. The Lancet 2020; 395(10239): 1802-12. [3] Miguel EM, Ruiz MD, Blas EG, Perea CM. Competency assessment impact in quality of learning: Nursing degree learners and teachers perception. Enfermeria Global 2018; (50): 420-33. [4] Tabrizi JS. Objective Structured Field Examination (OSFE). Iran J Med Sci 2012; 11 (8): 976-8. [5] Wadde S, Deshpande R, Madole M, Pathan III F. Assessment of III MBBS students using OSPE/OSCE in community medicine: Teachers’ and students’ perceptions. Sch J App Med Sci 2013; 1(4): 348-53. [6] Parvizrad P, Rezaei S. Clerkship of Public Health from Students & Educational groups’ Perspective: A Qualitative Research. J Med Educ Dev 2014; 7 (13): 16-27. [7] Selim AA, Ramadan FH, El-Gueneidy MM, Gaafer MM. Using Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in undergraduate psychiatric nursing education: Is it reliable and valid? Nurs Educ Today 2012; 32: 283-8.     [1]- (نویسنده مسئول) استادیار، گروه آموزش بهداشت و ارتقاء سلامت، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان،ایران تلفن: 34268448-034 ، دورنگار: 34268448-034، پست الکترونیکی:Mahdi_13581@yahoo.com، ارکید: 0000-0002-2781-2821