69 1735-3165 Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 1179 Statistics; Epidemiology Common Mistakes in Results Section of an Article 1 12 2011 10 4 243 244 24 12 2011
1180 Physiology Effects of Avicennia Marina Leaves Aqueous and Hydro Alcoholic Extract on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats Fathi Moghaddam H. Mokhtari M. Kamaei L. Ahangarpour A. 1 12 2011 10 4 245 254 24 12 2011   Background and Objectives: Diabetes Mellitus is a major endocrine disorder and growing health problem in most of countries. Avicennia marina is a type of mangrove plants which can grows in the Iranian coastal areas of Persian Gulf. We studied the effects of Avicennia marina leaves aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract on streptozotocin -induced diabetic male rats.   Material and Methods : In this experimental study, 45 male rats were randomly divided into nine groups of five. Control animals were fed with a normal diet. The test groups received intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin for induction of diabetes. The diabetic groups were further subgrouped into diabetes, diabetic control (given 0.9% normal saline) and 6 groups treated orally with aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract of Avicennia marina leaves (30, 60, 120 mg/kg daily for three consecutive days). Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, blood samples were collected from heart for determining the blood glucose and insulin concentration levels using glucose oxidase and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods respectively.   Results: Our results indicated that aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Avicennia marina leaves could decrease the mean blood glucose of diabetic test rats compared to diabetic control group (from 293.8±10.88 to 131.4±2.97 vs 139±1.92 respectively). Also, a significant increase in the serum insulin levels with no increase in the final body weights was found in the former group. No toxic effects of leaves extract was observed after 2 days of treatment.   Conclusions: In this study, we have shown that Avicennia marina leaves extract can significantly decrease the blood glucose level.   Key words: Avicennia Marina, Diabete, Blood glucose, Insulin     Funding: This research were supported by Diabetes and Physiology Research Center of Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University, Kazeroun Branch.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Kazeroun Branch approved the study.    How to cite this article : Fathi Moghaddam H, Mokhtari M, Kamaei L, Ahangarpour A . Effects of Avicennia Marina Leaves Aqueous and Hydro Alcoholic Extract on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2012 10(4): 245-54. [Farsi] 1181 Environmental Health Staff Relative Efficiency Appraisal of Health Centers Using Data Envelopment Analysis Models Ali Mohammadi Ardakani M. Saeida Ardekani S. Sayadi Toranloo H. 1 12 2011 10 4 255 266 24 12 2011   Background and Objectives : Authorities of organizations need a performance appraisal system for planning, controlling and improving the efficiency of their organizations. In this research, the staff relative efficiency of health centers in Yazd province has been appraised by using DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) models.   Materials and Methods : In this descriptive study, the technique of gathering data was the "survey method", the main input and output variables were determined prior to applying the CCR method for assessment of relative efficiency. The relative efficiency of the units was assessed utilizing a modeling approach and running the model. For improvement of the efficiency, the target inputs and outputs of the inefficient units were determined using the input and output orientation model. For this study, 10 health centers situated at Yazd province were investigated in 2006. The inputs and outputs of the model were the health staff and workrs and the health services presented at these centers respectively.   Results: The findings of this study showed that the health centers of Mayboud and Yazd cities with the relative efficiency ratio (RER) of 1 had the best efficiency and the health centers of Mehriz and Taft cities with the RER of 0.485 and 0.427 had the lowest efficiency respectively.   Conclusion: Based on our results, the staff relative efficiency appraisal of health centers can be investigated using the DEA models. The DEA models can be used by health centers authorities to imorove the efficiency of health services delivery.   Key words : Health Centers, Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis     Funding: This research were supported by Yazd University .   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Yazd University approved the study .    How to cite this article : Ali Mohammadi Ardakani M, Saeida Ardekani S, Sayadi Toranloo H . Staff Relative Efficiency Appraisal of Health Centers Using Data Envelopment Analysis Models. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2012 10(4): 255-66. [Farsi] 1182 Statistics; Epidemiology Investigation on Gene-Environment Interaction Using Breast Cancer Data a Case-Only and Case-Control Designs Moradzadeh R. Hasanzadeh J. Rajaaeifard A.R. Tahmasebi S. Golmohammadi P. 1 12 2011 10 4 267 278 24 12 2011   Background and Objectives: The role of gene-environment interaction in epidemiology has been widely considered. The traditional methods of studying the gene-environment interaction need appropriate control groups which their selection may be associated with some problems. Therefore, new methods have been created to study these interactions from which are the case-only designs. In this method, only the cases data are being used. In this study, gene-environment interaction in patients with breast cancer was investigated using the case-only and case-control designs .   Material and Methods: This study conducted in 2008, using two methods: matched case-control and case-only. Simple random sampling was used to select 300 patients with breast cancer in Shahid Mottahari Clinic for two aforementhioned designs. The control group for the matched case-control study was selected from the women referring to Shahid Mottahari Clinic. Data were analysed using lagistic regressian and conditional logistic regression.   Results: The confidence intervals and log likelihood in all variables in case-only design was better than the matched case-control. In case-only design, the standard error in the following variables age at menarche, the first delivery at the age of ≥34 yrs and /or nulliparity, the number of live births, use of oral contraception pills, and breastfeeding history were less than those in the matched case-control design. In case-only design, the P-value of the above-menthined variables was less than those of the matched case-control design.   Conclusion: The case-only design is an efficiency method for investigating of the interaction in terms of statistical study, sample size and the easily implementing.   Key words: Case-only, Case-control, Breast cancer, Gene-Environment Interaction     Funding: This research was funded by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences approved the study.     How to cite this article : Moradzadeh R, Hasanzadeh J, Rajaaeifard A.R, Tahmasebi S, Golmohammadi P. Investigation on Gene-Environment Interaction using Breast Cancer Data a Case-Only and Case-control Designs. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2012 10(4): 267-78. [Farsi]   1183 دندان پزشکی Evaluation of Motivations for Choosing Field of Study Among Medical and Dental Students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Kazemizadeh Z. Rezaeian M. Farnoodi M. 1 12 2011 10 4 279 288 25 12 2011   Background and Objectives : Undoubtedly , looking for a suitable job is one of the most important issues in everybody's life including students and a student's area of study has a great impact on this issue. The aim of this study was to assess motivations underlying the field of study choice in medical and dental students of Rafsanjan Medical University.   Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study in 2010, questionnaires included demographic information and questions about the students' motives were given to the medical and dental students of the first and second years (146 students). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-square test.   Results: The response rate to the questionnaires was 89%. Sixty percent and 40% of the participants were medical and dental students respectively. The most important motivations among both students were "High professional status" and " Prestigious social standing". The motives of "Provides a secure career" (p= 0.04), "High income" (p= 0.01) and "Requires use of manual skills" (p= 0.001) were significantly more important for dental students. Medical students, in contrast to their dental counterparts, were significantly more likely motivated by factors relating to "Interacting with other people" (p= 0.02) and "Challenging career" (p= 0.01).   Conclusion: Choosing field of study by medical and dental studying likely related to their high professional and prestigious social status. The difference between the motivations of choosing the area of study is possibly related to the different nature of these two academic disciplines .   Key words: Students, Motivation, Study choice, Dentistry, Medicine     Funding: This research was founded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan Medical University approved the study.    How to cite this article : Kazemizadeh Z, Rezaeian M. Farnoodi M . Evaluation of Motivations For Choosing Field of Study Among Medical and Dental Students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2012 10(4): 279-88. [Farsi] 5318 Rehabilitation Survey on the Effects of Balance Training on Proprioception of Knee and Ankle Joints and Equilibrium Time in Single Leg in Healthy Female Students 1 12 2011 10 4 289 298 11 05 2020 11 05 2020 Background and Objectives: Suitable interaction of various systems of body and environment are necessary to maintain of the balance. Balance exercise is prescribed to improve balance and proprioception. There is not clear mechanism about the effectiveness of these exercises on healthy subjects. So, this study was done to investigate the effects of balance exercises on proprioception of knee and ankle joints and single- leg balance on healthy students. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 30 healthy female students of Shiraz Faculty of Rehabilitation in 2009. The participants were randomly separated into two groups, intervention and control. Errors in repositioning of knee and ankle joints angles (passive and active), and also single- leg balance time was measured in both groups. The intervention group did the balance exercises 3 times a week for 6 weeks and the measurements were then repeated. Data was analyzed by using Mann withney and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: There was a significant difference between two groups regarding the balance time before and after and training courses (p<0.05). Also, There was a significant difference in the mean of repositioning of angles before and after training (p<0.05). Conclusion: Balance exercises may improve single-leg balance and proprioception in the ankle and knee joints. Key words: Balance training, Proprioception, Balance time, Knee joint, Ankle joint   Funding: This research was funded by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences approved the study.   How to cite this article: Rojhani Shirazi Z, Shafaee R, Afarandide M. Survey on the Effects of Balance Training on Proprioception of Knee and Ankle Joints and Equilibrium Time in Single Leg in Healthy Female Students. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2012; 10(4): 289-98. [Farsi] 1185 Nursing Frequency of Erection Dysfunction Among Hypertensive Men Referred to Health Centers of Ramsar and Tonekabon in 2009 Zeighami Mohammadi Sh. Ghaffari F. 1 12 2011 10 4 299 308 25 12 2011     Background and Objectives : Sexual dysfunction has negative impacts on interpersonal relationships and married life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of erection dysfunction among hypertensive men referred to the health centers of Ramsar and Tonekabon in 2009.   Materials and Methods : This descriptive study was conducted on 200 hypertensive men patients selected using a non-randomized sampling method. The data collecting tool was the IIEF-5 questionnaire (The International Index of Erectile Function, a 5-item version). Data was then analyzed by SPSS software and using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and coefficient Pearson correlation.   Results: The findings indicated that frequency of erectile dysfunction was 75.5% and 27.5% had moderate erectile dysfunction. A significant statistical correlation was found between the score of erectile dysfunction and age (p=0.000), body mass index (p=0.000), cigarette smoking (p=0.000), systolic blood pressure (p=0.000), diastolic blood pressure (p=0.001), length of hypertension (p=0.002), also a significant statistical difference was found between mean score of erectile dysfunction and drug regimens (p=0.000), including use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blocker s (p=0.025).   Conclusion s: Erectile dysfunction is common among hypertensive patients and factors such as age, smoking, obesity and anti-hypertensive drugs have an adverse effects on erectile dysfunction. In hypertensive men, changes in lifestyle and type of medications may improve erectile dysfunction.   Key words: Hypertension, Erectile dysfunction, The International Index of Erectile Function       Funding: This research funded by self-authors.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical Approval : The Ethics Committee of Nursing and Midwifery faculty of Ramsar approved the study.       How to cite this article : Zeighami Mohammadi Sh, Ghaffari F . Frequency of Erection Dysfunction Among Hypertensive Men Referred to Health Centers of Ramsar and Tonekabon in 2009 . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2012 10(4): 299-308. [Farsi]   1186 Statistics; Epidemiology Prevalence of Tuberculosis Among the Prisoners of Mazandaran Moosazadeh M. Amiresmaili M.R. Parsaei M.R. Ahmadi M. Jalahi H. 1 12 2011 10 4 309 316 26 12 2011   Background and Objectives : Regarding the high frequency of tuberculosis in jails, this survey studies the prevalence status of the disease in jails of Mazandaran province to provide useful suggestions for tuberculosis control.   Material and Methods: The present descriptive study was carried out by in 2008. The prisoners of Mazandaran province jails (2405 cases) comprised the research population. The data was collected by a questionnaire containing 9 demographic and 11 specific questions. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics.   Results: 2405 questionnaires were completed (response rate=96.2%). Of which, 2227 (92.6%) were men and 178 (7.4%) were women. The average age of the participants was 26.8±1.24. The majority (41.9%) of them were prisoners for more than six months. Seven prisoners (0.3%) were infected by HIV, 136 (5.7%) had a prolonged cough for more than 2 weeks, and 2 sputum smear (0.1%) was positive for TB and 2 (0.1%) were reported to have extra pulmonary tuberculosis .   Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the prevalence rate of positive pulmonary smear tuberculosis in Mazandaran jails is 17.7 times higher than the normal of population. Therefore, continuous developing and implementing an effective plan for tuberculosis control is necessary for jails.   Key words: Pulmonary tuberculosis, Extra pulmonary tuberculosis, Jail, Prisoners     Funding: This study was funded by research deputy of Mazandaran University of medical sciences.   Conflict of interest: None declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Mazandaran University of medical sciences approved the study.     How to cite this article : Mosazadeh M, Amiresmaeili M.R, Parsaei M.R, Ahmadi M, Jalahi H. Prevalence of Tuberculosis Among the Prisoners of Mazandaran Province- 2008. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2012 10(4): 309-16. [Farsi]   1187 Pediatrics Etiologies of lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Children Reffering to Afzalipour Hospital (Kerman 2005-2007) : A Short Report Amini Ranjbar S. Kazemi B. 1 12 2011 10 4 317 322 26 12 2011   Background and Objectives : Early and on time diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal bleeding is essential due to different treatable etiologies and prevention of complications. The aim of this study was to detect the etiologies of LGI bleeding in children referred to Kerman Hospital of Afzalipour.   Material and Methods : This descriptive-prospective study was performed on 138 children with painless rectal bleeding admitted in Afzalipoor Hospital (from 2005 till 2007). The patients underwent colonoscopy by a pediatric gatroenterlogist. The colonscope passed into the splenic flexture, if polyp was detceted, polypectomy was done, and unless, two biopsies were taken from apparently intact mucusae and also any pathologic process on desceding colon and rectosigmoid.   Results : Etiology of lower gastrointestinal bleeding was detected in 87.7% of patients. Majority of the participants (62.3%) were male. The most common symptom (63%) was hematochezia. The most frequent endoscopic (41.3%) and pathologic finding (50.7%) was colitis. The three major etiologies of bleeding were allergic colitis (24.6% ), polyp (23.2% ), and inflammatory bowel disease (17.4% ). While allergic colitis (1.8 times) and polyp (3.5 times) were more common in boys, inflammatory bowel disease was common in girls (1.4 times).   Conclusion : The results of this study showed that the prevalence of allergic colitis and inflammatory bowel disease were higher than findings from similar studies.   Key words : Allergic colitis, Lower gastrointestinal bleeding, Polyp, Inflammatory bowel disaese, Children     Funding : This study was funded by Kerman Univercity of Medical Sciences.   Conflict of interest : Non declared.   Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Kerman Univercity of Medical Sciences approved the study.   How to cite this article : Amini Ranjbar S, Kazemi B. Etiologies of lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Children Reffering to Afzalipour Hospital (Kerman 2005-2007) . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2012 10(4): 317-22. [Farsi