مقاله پژوهشی
مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
دوره 16، دی 1396، 953-939
بررسی حذف کاتکول از محلولهای آبی بهوسیله فرآیند اکسیداسیون با ازن و شناسایی محصولات میانی آن
مجید کرمانی[1]، [2]، مهدی فرزادکیا[3]، علی اسرافیلی2، یوسف دادبان شهامت[4]، سودا فلاح جوکندان[5]،[6]
دریافت مقاله: 26/6/96 ارسال مقاله به نویسنده جهت اصلاح: 11/8/96 دریافت اصلاحیه از نویسنده: 20/9/96 پذیرش مقاله: 25/9/96
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: آلودگی منابع آب و فاضلاب در اثر تخلیه فاضلابهای خروجی از صنایع، یک تهدید بزرگ برای سلامت انسان و محیط زیست محسوب میشود. کاتکول یکی از ترکیبات معمول فنلی در فاضلاب صنایع مختلف همچون نفت و پتروشیمی، پلاستیکسازی، رزین و غیره است که بسیار سمی و مقاوم در برابر تجزیه میباشد. بنابراین هدف از این مطالعه بررسی حذف کاتکول از محلولهای آبی بهوسیله فرآیند اکسیداسیون با ازن و شناسایی محصولات میانی آن بود.
مواد و روشها: این مطالعه از نوع آزمایشگاهی میباشد که طی آن میزان تأثیر متغیرهای pH محلول (10-2)، زمان واکنش (60-0 دقیقه)، غلظت اولیه کاتکول (1000-50 میلیگرم در لیتر) و تأثیر بهدام انداز رادیکال بر کارایی فرآیند ازنزنی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. غلظت باقیمانده کاتکول با استفاده از دستگاه HPLC در طول موج 275 نانومتر اندازهگیری شد. همچنین میزان معدنیسازی و تجزیهپذیری کاتکول با انجام آزمایشات TOC (Total Organic Carbon) و COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) تعیین گردید. ترکیبات واسطه حاصل از فرآیند ازنزنی نیز با GC/MS اندازهگیری و به صورت جدول و نمودار ارائه شد.
یافتهها: pH بهینه برای فرآیند ازنزنی برابر با 10 بود. حداکثر کارایی فرآیند معادل 20/96%، در pH برابر با 10، و زمان تماس 60 دقیقه حاصل شد. سینتیک تجزیه کاتکول از مدل درجه یک پیروی میکند. میزان حذف TOC و COD پس از زمان تماس 60 دقیقه به ترتیب در حدود 78 درصد و 4/84 درصد تعیین شد. به دام انداز رادیکال ترت بوتانول (1 گرم) و سولفات (1 گرم) به ترتیب 61/12 درصد و 13/0 درصد راندمان حذف کاتکول را کاهش میدهند.
نتیجهگیری: نتایج نشان داد که حذف کاتکول در شرایط بهینه مانند pH قلیایی به علت تولید رادیکالهای هیدروکسیل راندمان بهتری دارد. در نتیجه به نظر میرسد که فرآیند ازنزنی یک روش مؤثر برای تجزیه و معدنیسازی کاتکول از فاضلاب صنایع میباشد.
واژههای کلیدی: اکسیداسیون پیشرفته، ازنزنی، محصولات میانی، کاتکول
References
]1[ Busca G, Berardinelli S, Resini C, Arrighi L. Technologies for the removal of phenol from fluid streams: a short review of recent developments. J Hazard Mater 2008; 160(2): 265-88.
]2[ Lofrano G, Rizzo L, Grassi M, Belgiorno V. Advanced oxidation of catechol: A comparison among photocatalysis, Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Desalination 2009; 249(2): 878-83.
]3[ Mandal A, Ojha K, De Asim K, Bhattacharjee S. Removal of catechol from aqueous solution by advanced photo-oxidation process. Chem Eng 2004; 102(2): 203-8.
]4[ https://msds.wcu.edu/msds/120-80-9_p370500.pdf
]5[ https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/priority-pollutant-list-epa.pdf.
]6[ https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/ vol71/ mono 71-18.pdf
]7[ Subramanyam R, Mishra I. Treatment of catechol bearing wastewater in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor: Sludge characteristics. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99(18): 8917-25.
]8[ Bukowska B, Kowalska S. Phenol and catechol induce prehemolytic and hemolytic changes in human erythrocytes. Toxicol Lett 2004; 152(1): 73-84.
]9[ Larson RA. Naturally occurring antioxidants: CRC Press; 1997.
]10[ Shakir K, Ghoneimy H, Elkafrawy A, Beheir SG, Refaat M. Removal of catechol from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto organophilic-bentonite. J Hazard Mater 2008; 150(3): 765-73.
]11[ Aghapour AA, Moussavi G, Yaghmaeian K. Biological degradation of catechol in wastewater using the sequencing continuous-inflow reactor (SCR). J Environ Health Sci Eng 2013; 11(1): 3.
]12[ Aghapour AA, Moussavi G, Yaghmaeian K. Investigating the performance of a novel cyclic rotating-bed biological reactor compared with a sequencing continuous-inflow reactor for biodegradation of catechol in wastewater. Bioresour Technol 2013; 138: (Supplement C) 369-72.
]13[ Li L, Zhu W, Zhang P, Chen Z, Han W. Photocatalytic oxidation and ozonation of catechol over carbon-black-modified nano-TiO 2 thin films supported on Al sheet. Water Res 2003; 37(15): 3646-51.
]14[ Hsu Y-C, Yang H-C, Liu J-W, Chen J-H. The ozonations of catechol and hydroquinone solutions using gas-inducing reactor. J Chi. Inst Environ Eng 2003; 13(3): 151-8.
]15[ Moussavi G, Aghapour AA, Yaghmaeian K. The degradation and mineralization of catechol using ozonation catalyzed with MgO/GAC composite in a fluidized bed reactor. Chem Eng J 2014; 249: (Supplement C) 302-10.
]16[ Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Esrafili A, Fallah Jokandan S, Yeganeh Badi M. Removal of Catechol from Aqueous Solutions Using Catalytic Ozonation by Magnetic Nanoparticles of Iron Oxide Doped with Silica and Titanium Dioxide: A Kinetic Study. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2016; 26(142): 139-54.
]17[ Zhang Y, Xiao S, Xie J, Yang Z, Pang P, Gao Y. Simultaneous electrochemical determination of catechol and hydroquinone based on graphene–TiO2 nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. Sens Actuators B Chem 2014; 204: 102-8.
]18[ Zhang Y, Sun R, Luo B, Wang L. Boron-doped graphene as high-performance electrocatalyst for the simultaneously electrochemical determination of hydroquinone and catechol. Electrochim Acta 2015; 156: 228-34.
]19[ Robinson T, McMullan G, Marchant R, Nigam P. Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative. Bioresour Technol 2001; 77(3): 247-55.
]20[ Khan MH, Jung JY. Ozonation catalyzed by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for degradation of DEHP in aqueous phase. Chemosphere 2008; 72(4): 690-6.
]21[ Harrelkas F, Paulo A, Alves M, El Khadir L, Zahraa O, Pons M-N, et al. Photocatalytic and combined anaerobic–photocatalytic treatment of textile dyes. Chemosphere 2008; 72(11): 1816-22.
]22[ Chaichanawong J, Yamamoto T, Ohmori T. Enhancement effect of carbon adsorbent on ozonation of aqueous phenol. J Hazard Mater 2010; 175(1): 673-9.
]23[ Piri R, Kermani M, Esrafili A. Using Persulfate-based Photochemical Oxidation (UV/Na2S2O8) in Eliminating 4-Chlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2017; 27(147): 358-70.
]24[ Mokhtari SA, Farzadkia M, Esrafili A, Kalantari RR, Jafari AJ, Kermani M, et al. Bisphenol A removal from aqueous solutions using novel UV/persulfate/H 2 O 2/Cu system: optimization and modelling with central composite design and response surface methodology. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2016; 14(1): 19.
]25[ Liotta L, Gruttadauria M, Di Carlo G, Perrini G, Librando V. Heterogeneous catalytic degradation of phenolic substrates: catalysts activity. J Hazard Mater 2009; 162(2): 588-606.
]26[ Kermani M, Bahrami Asl F, Farzadkia M, Esrafili A, Salahshour Arian S, Khazaei M, et al. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation by Nano-MgO is better than sole ozonation for metronidazole degradation, toxicity reduction, and biodegradability improvement. Desalination Water Treat 2015: 1-10.
]27[ Asl FB, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Esrafili A, Arian SS, Zeynalzadeh D. Removal of Metronidazole from Aqueous Solution Using Ozonation Process. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2015; 25(121): 131-40.
28. Lomoră m, drăghici c, eneşca a. Intermediary compounds in advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. methods 2011; 12: 15.
]29[ Schweigert N, Zehnder AJ, Eggen RI. Chemical properties of catechols and their molecular modes of toxic action in cells, from microorganisms to mammals. Environ Microb 2001; 3(2): 81-91.
]30[ Blesa MA, Regazzoni AE. Surface complexation at the TiO 2 (anatase)/aqueous solution interface: chemisorption of catechol. J Colloid Interface Sci 1996; 177(1): 122-31.
]31[ Obied HK, Bedgood DR, Prenzler PD, Robards K. Chemical screening of olive biophenol extracts by hyphenated liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 603(2): 176-89.
]32[ Pawlowski L. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: Arnold E. Greenberd, Lenore S. Clesceri, Andrew D. Eaton (Editors) Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, USA, 1992; 1025 pp; US $120 (Hardcover); ISBN 0-87553-207-1. Elsevier; 1994.
]33[ Behnamfard A, Salarirad MM. Equilibrium and kinetic studies on free cyanide adsorption from aqueous solution by activated carbon. J Hazard Mater 2009; 170(1): 127-33.
]34[ Moussavi G, Alizadeh R. The integration of ozonation catalyzed with MgO nanocrystals and the biodegradation for the removal of phenol from saline wastewater. Appl Catal B 2010; 97(1): 160-7.
]35[ Yang Y, Ma J, Qin Q, Zhai X. Degradation of nitrobenzene by nano-TiO 2 catalyzed ozonation. J Mol Catal A Chem 2007; 267(1): 41-8.
]36[ Shahamat YD, Farzadkia M, Nasseri S, Mahvi AH, Gholami M, Esrafili A. Magnetic heterogeneous catalytic ozonation: a new removal method for phenol in industrial wastewater. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2014; 12(1) :50.
]37[ Aghapour AA, Moussavi G, Yaghmaeian K. Biological degradation of catechol in wastewater using the sequencing continuous-inflow reactor (SCR). J Environ Health Sci Eng 2013; 11(1): 1.
]38[ Qi F, Xu B, Chen Z, Ma J, Sun D, Zhang L. Influence of aluminum oxides surface properties on catalyzed ozonation of 2, 4, 6-trichloroanisole. Sep Purif Technol 2009; 66(2): 405-10.
]39[ Rao Y-f, Luo H-j, Wei C-h, Luo L-f. Catalytic ozonation of phenol and oxalic acid with copper-loaded activated carbon. J Cent South Univ T 2010; 17: 300-6.
]40[ Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Ziółek M, Nawrocki J. Catalytic ozonation and methods of enhancing molecular ozone reactions in water treatment. Appl Catal B 2003; 46(4): 639-69.
]41[ Legube B, Leitner NKV. Catalytic ozonation: a promising advanced oxidation technology for water treatment. Catal Today 1999; 53(1): 61-72.
]42[ Charinpanitkul T, Limsuwan P, Chalotorn C, Sano N, Yamamoto T, Tongpram P, et al. Synergetic removal of aqueous phenol by ozone and activated carbon within three-phase fluidized-bed reactor. Ind Eng Chem 2010; 16(1): 91-5.
]43[ Shahamat YD, Farzadkia M, Nasseri S, Mahvi AH, Gholami M, Esrafili A. Magnetic heterogeneous catalytic ozonation: a new removal method for phenol in industrial wastewater. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2014; 12(1): 1.
]44[ Scheck CK, Frimmel FH. Degradation of phenol and salicylic acid by ultraviolet radiation/hydrogen peroxide/oxygen. Water Res 1995; 29(10): 2346-52.
]45[ Alnaizy R, Akgerman A. Advanced oxidation of phenolic compounds. Adv Environ Res 2000; 4(3): 233-44.
]46[ Wang Y, Hu C, Tang H. Photocatalytic oxidation of phenol on TiO2 particle 1. Products distribution and reactions pathway. Huanjing Kexue Xuebao/Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 1995; 15(4): 472-9.
The Investigation of the Catechol Removal from Aqueous Solutions by the Oxidation Process with Ozone and Identification of Its Intermediate Products
M. Kermani[7],[8], M. Farzadkia[9], A. Esrafili2, Y. Dadban Shahamat[10], S. Fallah Jokandan[11],[12]
Received: 17/09/2017 Sent for Revision:02/11/2017 Received Revised Manuscript: 11/12/2017 Accepted: 16/12/2017
Background and Objectives: Water and wastewater resources contamination, caused by the wastewater discharged from industries, is considered a major threat to human and environment health. Catechol is one of the usual phenolic compounds in wastewater of various industries such as oil and petrochemicals, plastics, resins, and etc, which is highly toxic and resistant to degradation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the intermediate compounds and mineralization of catechol in oxidation process with ozone.
Material and Methods: This study was a laboratory research which investigated the effect of variables such as solution pH (2-10), reaction time (0-60 min), initial concentration of catechol (50-1000 mg/l),and radical scavenger on the efficiency of ozonation process. The residual concentration of catechol was measured by HPLC at 275 nm. Also mineralization and degradation of catechol were determined by TOC (Total Organic Carbon) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) tests. Intermediate compounds of ozonation process were measured by GC/MS and were presented as tables and graphs.
Results: Optimum pH for ozonation process was 10. The maximum process efficiency at pH 10 and the contact time of 60 min was 96.20%. Kinetics of catechol degradation followed the first order model. The TOC and COD removal after the contact time of 60 minutes were determined about 78% and 84.4%, respectively. Radical scavenger of tert-butanol (1gr) and sulfate (1gr) reduced the removal efficiency of catechol 12.61% and 0.13%, respectively.
Conclusion: The results showed that the removal of catechol in the optimum condition such as alkaline pH has better efficiency due to the production of hydroxyl radicals. As a result, it seems ozonation process is an effective method for degradation and mineralization of catechol from industrial wastewater.
Key words: Advanced oxidation, Ozonation, Intermediate products, Catechol
Funding: This research was funded by Iran University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethicals Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences approved the study. Ethical code: IR.IUMS.REC.1394.94-01-27-25727
How to cite this article: Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Esrafili A, Dadban Shahamat Y, Fallah Jokandan S. The Investigation of the Catechol Removal from Aqueous Solutions by the Oxidation Process with Ozone and Identification of Its Intermediate Products. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2018; 16(10): 939-52. [Farsi]
[1]- دانشیار مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران
[2]- دانشیار گروه آموزشی مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران
[3]-استاد گروه آموزشی مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران
[4]- استادیار مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت محیط، گروه آموزشی مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گلستان، گرگان، ایران
[5]- (نویسنده مسئول) کارشناس ارشد مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران
تلفن 88978394-021، دورنگار 88978397-021، پست الکترونیکی: fallah.sevda@yahoo.com
[6]- مرکز تحقیقات مواد زائد جامد، پژوهشکده محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران
[7]- Associate Prof, Environmental Health Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- - Associate Prof., Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- - Prof., Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- - Assistant Prof., Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
[11]- MSc in Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(Corresponding Author) Tell: (021) 88978394, Fax: (021) 88978397, E-mail: fallah.sevda@yahoo.com
- - Solid Waste Research Center , Environmental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran