Volume 23, Issue 6 (10-2024)
JRUMS 2024, 23(6): 541-551 |
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Ethics code: IR.RUMS.REC.1401.060.
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Rezaeian M, Mohamadi M, Ghaffarian-Bahraman A. Investigation of Cadmium Levels in Nass (Naswar) Samples Consumed in the City of Rafsanjan in the Summer 2022: A Descritive Study. JRUMS 2024; 23 (6) :541-551
URL: http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-7347-en.html
URL: http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-7347-en.html
Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Investigation of Cadmium Levels in Nass (Naswar) Samples Consumed in the City of Rafsanjan in the Summer 2022: A Descritive Study
Mohsen Rezaeian[1], Maryam Mohamadi[2], Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman[3]
Received: 07/04/24 Sent for Revision: 19/05/24 Received Revised Manuscript: 30/06/24 Accepted: 03/07/24
Background and Objectives: Smokeless tobacco products pose a complex and widespread public health challenge. Among various types of smokeless tobacco products, Nass (Naswar) is considered the most important type of this product in Iran. In this study, we investigated the level of toxic metal of cadmium in samples of Nass used in Rafsanjan City.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 26 samples of Nass were randomly collected from the urban area of Rafsanjan in the summer 2022. After the initial preparation, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for the analysis of cadmium levels in the samples. Independent t-test was applied to evaluate the difference in the mean level of metals in the samples.
Results: The results of the present study indicate the presence of cadmium in all samples under investigation. The average level of cadmium in all samples under study was 2.98±0.58 µg/g and the range of variation of cadmium levels was between 1.25 and 3.70 µg/g. Although the difference in cadmium levels in light brown samples compared to green samples was not significant, its level in bulk samples (3.3±0.30 µg/g) was significantly higher than packaged samples (2.8±0.58 µg/g) (p=0.01).
Conclusion: The present study is the first study on the level of cadmium contamination in Nass samples available in the Iranian market. The results of the current study indicate a potential risk of exposure to cadmium through the consumption of Nass among Iranian consumers. Therefore, increasing public awareness is recommended to reduce the use of Nass.
Keywords: Cadmium, Toxic metals, Naswar, Smokeless tobacco, Rafsanjan
Funding: This study was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical considerations: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IR.RUMS.REC.1401.060).
Authors’ contributions:
- Conceptualization: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman, Mohsen Rezaeian
- Methodology: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman
- Data collectioin: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman
- Formal analysis: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman, Maryam Mohamadi
- Supervision: Mohsen Rezaeian
- Project administration: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman
- Writing – original draft: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman, Maryam Mohamadi
- Writing – review & editing: Mohsen Rezaeian
Citation: Rezaeian M, Mohamadi M, Ghaffarian-Bahraman A. Investigation of Cadmium Levels in Nass (Naswar) Samples Consumed in the City of Rafsanjan in the Summer 2022: A Descritive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2024; 23 (6): 541-51. [Farsi]
Mohsen Rezaeian[1], Maryam Mohamadi[2], Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman[3]
Received: 07/04/24 Sent for Revision: 19/05/24 Received Revised Manuscript: 30/06/24 Accepted: 03/07/24
Background and Objectives: Smokeless tobacco products pose a complex and widespread public health challenge. Among various types of smokeless tobacco products, Nass (Naswar) is considered the most important type of this product in Iran. In this study, we investigated the level of toxic metal of cadmium in samples of Nass used in Rafsanjan City.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 26 samples of Nass were randomly collected from the urban area of Rafsanjan in the summer 2022. After the initial preparation, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for the analysis of cadmium levels in the samples. Independent t-test was applied to evaluate the difference in the mean level of metals in the samples.
Results: The results of the present study indicate the presence of cadmium in all samples under investigation. The average level of cadmium in all samples under study was 2.98±0.58 µg/g and the range of variation of cadmium levels was between 1.25 and 3.70 µg/g. Although the difference in cadmium levels in light brown samples compared to green samples was not significant, its level in bulk samples (3.3±0.30 µg/g) was significantly higher than packaged samples (2.8±0.58 µg/g) (p=0.01).
Conclusion: The present study is the first study on the level of cadmium contamination in Nass samples available in the Iranian market. The results of the current study indicate a potential risk of exposure to cadmium through the consumption of Nass among Iranian consumers. Therefore, increasing public awareness is recommended to reduce the use of Nass.
Keywords: Cadmium, Toxic metals, Naswar, Smokeless tobacco, Rafsanjan
Funding: This study was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical considerations: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IR.RUMS.REC.1401.060).
Authors’ contributions:
- Conceptualization: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman, Mohsen Rezaeian
- Methodology: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman
- Data collectioin: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman
- Formal analysis: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman, Maryam Mohamadi
- Supervision: Mohsen Rezaeian
- Project administration: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman
- Writing – original draft: Ali Ghaffarian-Bahraman, Maryam Mohamadi
- Writing – review & editing: Mohsen Rezaeian
Citation: Rezaeian M, Mohamadi M, Ghaffarian-Bahraman A. Investigation of Cadmium Levels in Nass (Naswar) Samples Consumed in the City of Rafsanjan in the Summer 2022: A Descritive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2024; 23 (6): 541-51. [Farsi]
[1]- Prof., Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Occupational Environment Research Center, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
[2]- Assistant Prof. of Analytical Chemistry, Occupational Safety and Health Research Center, NICICO, World Safety Organization and Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
[3]- Assistant Prof. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Occupational Environment Research Center, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran, ORCID: 0000-0001-9937-4229
(Corresponding Author) Tel: (034) 31315123, E-mail: ghafarian91@gmail.com
(Corresponding Author) Tel: (034) 31315123, E-mail: ghafarian91@gmail.com
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Environmental Health
Received: 2024/04/6 | Accepted: 2024/07/3 | Published: 2024/10/19
Received: 2024/04/6 | Accepted: 2024/07/3 | Published: 2024/10/19
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