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Volume 1, Issue 2 (6-2002)
Introduction: Endemic goiter due to lodine deficiency is one of the health problems in developing cointries includs Iran. So, national committee for control of lodine dificiency disorders has been planed salt lodinization program from 1368. The purpose of this study was to evaluate goiter status and it’s relation with urinary lodine excretion in schoolchildren in vill of Raviz (Raviz includs 6 smal – villages) of Rafsanjan.
Methods: 320 schoolchildren (boys and girls) the age of 6-12 years, those were whole schoolchildren in the Raviz, were examined for goiter and classified according to WHO classification and their urinary lodine excretion was measured. Also, drinking water lodine of Raviz was measured.
Results: 87.34% of girls and 81.47% of boys had different grades of goiter, but, the majority were found grade I and since II. 25% of schoolchildren had severe urinary lodine defeciency (<2ug/dl), 4.4% moderate (2.1-4.9ug/dl) and 10.3% mild (5-9.9 ug/dl). The concentration of urinary lodine in 60.3% of schoolchildren were more than 10ug/dl (normal). Of 6 small – villages of vill of Raviz which this study were carried out there, only in one of them, concentration of lodine in the drinking water was 15.2 ug/dl, but in others were less than 2ug/dl.
Discussion:Although , the concentration of lodine in drinking water in 5 small-villages of Raviz were less than 2mg/dl, but in 60.3% of schoolchildren urinary lodine were found normal. So lodized salt consumption have had considerable effects on control of lodine deficiency. In addition severe endemic goiter in this area is independent to lodine deficiency, or the period of time of lodized salt consumption was not enough. Another possibility is present of unknown goitrogens in this area that should be discovered by more study.
Key words: Goiter, disturbance due to lodine dificiency, goitrogen.
Volume 3, Issue 2 (6-2004)
Prevalence of Goiter and Urinary Iodine in 6-11 Years Old
Students of Yazd in the Year 2002.
H. Mozaffari Khosravi PhD1*, A Dehghani MSc2, M. Afkhami MD3
1- Assistant Professor, Dept. of Nutrition, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
2- Academic Member, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
3- Assistant Professor, Dept. of Endocrinology Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are among the most important epidemic disorders in the world and also in our country. The surveillance of IDD may be implemented to: assessing the prevalence of IDD, identifying the high risk areas for intervention and monitoring and evaluateing IDD control programmes, as salt iodized programme. The aim of this study was to determine the total goiter rate (TGR), urinary iodine in 6-11 years old students in Yazd city 10 years after iodized salt program.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 1989 primary school students (1367 boys and 622 girls) aged 6-11 were selected by multistage “probability proportionate to size” cluster(PPS) sampling method in Yazd city. Thyroid examination and goiter classification were made according to WHO standard protocol by two trained physicians. Urine and household salt samples were collected from one-thirteenth of the total population (140 individuals). Urinary iodine was determined by digestion method. Salt iodine was determined by rapid test kit.
Results: TGR of Yazd city was 40.2% (Girls 41% and boys 39.9%). Prevalence of goiter grade 1 and grade 2 were 38.7% (39.2% for girls and 38.5% for boys), and 1.5% (1.8% for girls and 1.4% for boys), respectively. The rate of goiter was not significant between the two sexes). Age specific TGR at 6-6.9,7-7.9, 8-8.9, 9-9.9 and 10-11 age groups were 39%, 37.7%, 42%, 40% and 42.1%, respectively. Age spesific goiter grade 1 in this age groups were 38.7%, 35.2%, 40.5%, 38.8% and 39.9%, respectively. Age spesific goiter grade 2 in this age groups were 0.3%, 2.3%, 1.5%, 1.3% and 2.2% , respectively. TGR in this age groups were not significant(p=0.3).
The mean of the urinary iodine was 258±122 μ g/l (244 ± 115 and 265 ± 125 μ g/l) in girls and boys respectivly, which were not significantly different.
In general, 10% of Yazd study population had urinary iodine concentrations less than 100 μ g/l, 26.4% were in adequate range (100-200 μ g/l), 63.6% were higher than 200 μ g/l the urine iodine 40.7% of the 3rd group were higher than 300 μ g/l.
In general, 3.2% of household salt samples did not contain iodine, 5.6% had 15ppm level, and 91.2% had above 30ppm level. Thus, approximately 96.8% of salts had iodine.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that TGR, specially goiter grade 2, had significantly decreased in Yazd, and according to urinary iodine status, not only the mean of urinary iodine was elevated, but also was higher than ideal range of WHO. Thus, according to this index, it can be concluded that since the year 2002, Yazd city is IDD free.
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Key words: Yazd city, Iodine Deficiency, Endemic goiter, Urinary iodine, Iodized salt, primary Students
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* corresponding author, Tel: (0351) 7249333
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 2004, 3(2):96-10 3
Volume 20, Issue 3 (6-2021)
Background and Objectives: According the importance of iodine monitoring in the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical iodine and goiter deficiency in 7-12 year-old students in Rafsanjan in 2018-19.
Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this cross-sectional study included all students of 7-12 years old who were covered by Rafsanjan Education Management in 2018. From 21218 students aged 7 to 12 years living in the city, 1203 students (601 boys and 602 girls) based on inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. After obtaining informed consent from the parents, the students were examined clinically by an internal trained resident. In this study, the presence and severity of goiter were evaluated based on the World Health Organiaztion classification. Then, 10 ml of the morning urine sample of 10% of all samples was taken to measure iodine by acid digestion method.
Results: The mean and standard deviation of age of participants was 9.48±1.71. In addition, mean and standard deviation of urinary iodine was 183.33±80.52 Ug / dl. In the study of the prevalence of goiter in the community, 87.1% (1047 samples) had no goiter, 9.7% (117 samples) had D1 grade and 3.2% (39 samples) had D2 grade. It was also found that the prevalence of goiter was not statistically significant in terms of age and sex.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the iodine deficiency control program and consumption of iodized salt has caused a significant decrease in the prevalence and severity of goiter, and also adequacy of the received iodine, given a marked increase in urinary iodine excretion in Rafsanjan city.
Key words: Iodine, Goiter, Students, Rafsanjan
Funding: This study did not have any funds.
Conflict of interest: No conflict.
Ethical approval: The Research Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (code: 1397073).
How to cite this article: Karimifard M, Chahkhoei S, Ebrahimynejad F, Sayadi A, Rahnama A, Shafipour M, Talebizadeh N. Frequency of Goiter and Urine Iodine Deficiency in 7-12 Years Old Students of Rafsanjan: 2018-2019: A Descriptive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2021; 20 (3): 325-38. [Farsi]
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