69 1735-3165 Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 5513 Editorial How Much Time Does It Need to Get Competence in Biomedical Research? Rezaeian M. 1 7 2020 19 4 323 324 21 07 2020 20 07 2020 سخن سردبیر Editorial مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان دوره نوزدهم، تیر 1399، 324-323       چقدر زمان برای کسب تبحر در پژوهش‌های علوم سلامت مورد نیاز است؟ How Much Time Does It Need to Get Competence in Biomedical Research?   محسن رضائیان[1]   M. Rezaeian     در سخن سردبیری شماره گذشته مجله دانشگاه به این موضوع پرداختیم که " چقدر زمان برای نوشتن یک مقاله مورد نیاز است؟" همان‌جا، به این نکته اشاره کردیم که برای نوشتن یک مقاله در علوم سلامت، به 100 تا 200 ساعت کار تمام وقت مورد نیاز است. بنابراین، با اختصاص دو جلسه چهار ساعته در هر هفته، نگارش مقاله ممکن است سه ماه طول بکشد [1]. در این سخن سردبیری، قصد داریم به این سؤال پاسخ دهیم که " چقدر زمان برای کسب تبحر در پژوهش‌های علوم سلامت مورد نیاز است؟" بدون شک، پاسخ به سؤال فوق، بستگی به خصوصیات هر فرد دارد. با این وجود Rutkove  در کتاب خود، قانون جالبی را در این زمینه ارائه می‌کند. وی معتقد است که هر فرد بعد از فراغت از تحصیل و شروع به کار،  برای کسب تبحر در پژوهش‌های علوم سلامت، باید حداقل 000/10 ساعت کار تمام وقت انجام دهد. وی با یک محاسبه ساده بیان می‌کند که اگر شما هفته‌ای 40 ساعت کار می‌کنید و در هر سال 50 هفته مشغول به کار هستید، بنابراین، حداقل پنج سال طول خواهد کشید تا به تبحر قابل قبول در پژوهش‌های حوزه سلامت دست یابید. با این وجود، از آنجائی‌که شما در هفته به فعالیت‌های دیگری به غیر از پژوهش نیز مشغول هستید، بنابراین، ممکن است کسب تبحر لازم برای شما نزدیک به دو یا سه برابر طول بکشد [2]. Rutkove  می‌گوید برای خودش این زمان، پانزده سال به درازا انجامیده است. وی معتقد است که کسب تبحر در پژوهش‌های علوم سلامت، به این معنی است که شما دقیقاً می‌دانید که چگونه به سؤالات پژوهشی خود پاسخ داده و یا فرضیات مورد نظرتان را آزمون نمایید. هم‌چنین، کسب تبحر به این معنی است که دیگران برای دریافت مشاوره به شما مراجعه نمایند [2]. با این وجود، کسب تبحر به این معنی نیست که شما دیگر نیازی به یاد گرفتن و مطالعه روش‌های جدید ندارید. بلکه برعکس، باید فرآیند یادگیری را به عنوان یک فرآیند مادام العمر برای خودتان در نظر بگیرید.   References [1] Rezaeian M. How much time does it need to write an article? JRUMS 2020; 19 (3): 221-2 [2] Rutkove SB. Biomedical research: An Insider’s guide. Springer. New York. 2016.     [1]- استاد گروه آموزشی اپیدمیولوژی و آمار زیستی، دانشکده پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات محیط کار، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران     تلفن: 31315123-034، دورنگار: 31315123-034، پست الکترونیکی: moeygmr2@yahoo.co.uk، ارکید:  0000-0003-3070-0166
5043 Histology The Effects of Caffeine Consumption on Histomorphometric Changes of Seminal Vesicle and Epididymis in Rat Offspring: An Experimental Study Yadegari Dehnavi M. c Belali Kharaji M. d Zare Mehrjerdi F. e Pourentezari Zarch M. f c Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd d Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd e Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd f Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 1 7 2020 19 4 325 340 14 11 2019 25 04 2020 Background and Objectives: Caffeine decreases the testis volume and the number of spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubules of rat testis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of caffeine exposure during pregnancy and lactation on seminal vesicle and epididymis in rat offspring. Materials and Methods:  In this experimental study, 21female pregnant rats were divided into control and experimental groups (two groups). The experimental groups 1 and 2 received caffeine via drinking water during pregnancy and lactation (26 and 45 mg/kg/bw, respectively). The structural changes in seminal vesicle and epididymis were studied by using histological methods on day 120 of postnatal development (n=5, selected randomly from each group). Data were statistically assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc Test. Results: The high dose caffeine treated group decreased the epithelium height of seminal vesicle compared with the control group; however, the differences were not significant (p=0.909). The thickness of the muscle layer of the seminal vesicles in the high dose caffeine treated group increased compared with the control group (p<0.001). Significant decreases in epithelium height of tubules of the epididymis in the high dose caffeine treated group was observed compared with the control group (p=0.047), and the diameter of the tubules of epididymis in the high dose caffeine treated group decreased compared with the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed high dose caffeine can induce histomorphological changes in the seminal vesicle and epididymis of rat. Key words: Caffeine, Seminal vesicle, Epididymis, Rat   Funding: This study was funded by Herbal Medicine Research Center at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran, approved the study (IR.SSU.MEDICINE.REC.1394.5 40).   How to cite this article: Yadegari Dehnavi M, Belali Kharaji M, Zare Mehrjerdi F, Pourentezari Zarch M. The Effects of Caffeine Consumption on Histomorphometric Changes of Seminal Vesicle and Epididymis in Rat Offspring: An Experimental Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (4): 325-40. [Farsi] 5142 تربیت بدنی Investigating the Correlation between Range of Motion of Joints with the Time of Running Types in Adolescent Elite Runner Girls Participating in National Competitions in 2018 in Ardabil City: A Descriptive Study PourRahim Ghouroghchi A. g Pahlevani M. h Akbari F. i g Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of educational sciences and psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. h Tabriz, Tabriz Azad university i Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of educational sciences and psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 1 7 2020 19 4 341 356 19 01 2020 15 06 2020 Background and Objectives: The relationship between range of motion of joints with running time is important to achieve athletic success. The aim of this study was investigating the correlation between range of motion of joints with the time of running types in adolescent elite runner girls participating in 2018 national competitions in Ardabil city. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, subjects were 122 elite runner girls, 14-16 year, participated in the national championship of the country selection. Range of motion of joints was measured by Rydkov questionnaire. Pearson᾽s correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation between variables. Results: There was a positive significant correlation between elbow flexion (r=0.407, p=0.048) and 60m hurdle running time, between hip hyperadduction (r=0.531, p=0.005) and 400m running time, trunk flexion (r=0.656, p=0.001) and 800m running time, neck extension (r=0.646, p=0.001) and neck lateral bending to left (r=0.563, p=0.006) and 3000m running time, trunk lateral bending to right (r=0.418, p=0.028), trunk lateral bending to left (r=0.382, p=0.045), shoulder abduction (r=0.379, p=0.047) and hip hyperextension (r=0.398, p=0.038) and 4×100m relay race time. Whereas, there was a negative significant correlation between ankle dorsi flexion (r=-0.464, p=0.022) and 60m hurdle running time, between ankle inversion (r=-0.442, p=0.030) and 800m running time, shoulder hyperextension (r=-0.473, p=0.017) and 1500m running time, and ankle eversion (r=-0.440, p=0.040) and 3000m running time. Conclusion: It seems that there is a significant correlation between the range of motion of joints and running time in elite runner girls. So, it is suggested that coaches pay attention to the results of this study for getting more success in reaching the peak of athletic performance. Key words: Biomechanical characteristics, Running time, Girls, Elite runner, Ardabil Funding: This study did not have any funds. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Medical University of Adabil approved the study (IR.ARUMS.REC.1398.185). How to cite this article: PourRahim Ghouroghchi A, Pahlevani M, Akbari F. Investigating the Correlation Between Range of Motion of Joints with the Time of Running Types in Adolescent Elite Runner Girls Participating in National Competitions in 2018 in Ardabil City: A Descriptive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19(4): 341-56. [Farsi] 5050 Radiology A Survey on Anatomy of Mesiobucal Root Canal in Permanent Maxillary First Molar Using CBCT in Rafsanjan in 2018: A Descriptive Study Tafakhori Z. Tafakhori j Sheikh Fatholahi M. k j Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences k Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Member of Occupational Environment Research Center, 1 7 2020 19 4 357 368 23 11 2019 13 05 2020 Background and Objectives: The anatomy of maxillary molars is very complicated and root canal therapy for this specific group of teeth is a major challenge for dentists. Given the limitations of conventional techniques for finding the second mesiobuccal canal (MB-2) and anatomical differences observed in different ethnicities, this study aimed to determine the anatomy of mesiobuccal root canal in maxillary first permanent molars using CBCT (Cone-beam computed tomography) in Rafsanjan city. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 41 promax 3D CBCT radiographs of patients in Rafsanjan in 2018 were studied. To investigate the root morphology, after obtaining multiple planar reformation (MPR) images in sagittal and axial planes, evaluation was done by Vertucci classification. Data were analyzed using chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Results: Of the 41 studied films, one canal was observed in mesiobuccal root in 15 (36.6%) films and two canals in the others 26 (63.4%) films. Among the roots containing two canals, second type of Vertucci classification was the most common type observed. It should be noted that there was no significant relationship between the number of canals and also the type of canals and gender (p=0.495 and p=0.583, respectively) and with quadrant of the tooth (respectively p=0.133 and p=0.669). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study and the amount of two-canal mesiobuccal roots, it can be said that the preparation of CBCT film before root canal therapy in maxillary first molar is necessary to verify the existence and type of MB-2 canal. Key words: CBCT, Maxillary first molar, Mesiobuccal root, Second mesiobuccal canal Funding: This study was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences with the grant number of 98025. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IR.RUMS.REC.1398.065). How to cite this article: Tafakhori Z, Sheikh Fatholahi M. A Survey on Anatomy of Mesiobucal Root Canal in Permanent Maxillary First Molar Using CBCT in Rafsanjan in 2018: A Descriptive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (4): 357-68. [Farsi] 4939 Nursing The Effect of Group Hope Therapy on Spiritual Health of Cancer Patients: A Semi Experimental Study Saberi Noghabi E. Zarvandi R. Jeddi H. Jamali Noghabi Z. Mazloum Shahri S. B. Noori R. 1 7 2020 19 4 369 382 01 09 2019 08 05 2020 Background and Objectives: Cancer is one of the most common chronic diseases that affects the spiritual health of patients. Therefore, interventions are needed to improve the spiritual health of patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of group hope therapy on the spiritual health of cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed from December to March 2015 in Gonabad city. The study population was all cancer patients and the research environment was cancer clinic. Forty patients were selected by simple random sampling method and randomly divided into experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. After completing demographic and spiritual health Paloutzian & Ellison questionnaires, Hope group therapy sessions were performed in 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week in the experimental group; but the control group received only routine care. The spiritual health questionnaire was completed again at the end of the last session. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, paired-t test and covariance analysis. Results: According to the results of the study, the two groups didn't have any significantly difference in terms of demographic variables (p>0.05).  The mean score of spiritual health after the intervention showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p<0.001). Group hope therapy also improved the spiritual health of cancer patients in the experimental group (p=0.012). Conclusion: Considering the findings of the study, which showed that group hope therapy affects the spiritual health of cancer patients, it is recommended to use this method in the care and treatment of cancer patients. Key words: Group Hope therapy, Spiritual health, Cancer Funding: This research was funded by the Student Research Committee of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IRGMU.REC.1394.14).   How to cite this article: Saberi Noghabi E, Zarvandi R, Jeddi H, Jamali Noghabi Z, Mazloum Shahri S B, Noori R. The Effect of Group Hope Therapy on Spiritual Health of Cancer Patients: A Semi Experimental Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (4): 369-82. [Farsi] 4896 Environmental Health Electrochemical Sulfate Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Sandwich Panel Carbon Cloth Electrode by Steel Mesh: A laboratory study Khoja F. Rezaee A. Tarbiat Modares university Tarbiat Modares university 1 7 2020 19 4 383 396 07 08 2019 20 07 2020 Background and Objectives: Sulfate is one of the chemical pollutants in water that can cause adverse health effects such as digestive and blood problems at high concentrations in humans. Conversion of sulfate to substances such as hydrogen sulfide can corrode metal pipes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of electrochemical sulfate removal using a sandwich panel carbon cloth electrode with stainless steel mesh. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, the electrochemical process including of carbon cloth electrode was used to remove sulfate from synthetic wastewater. Stainless steel mesh base was utilized to increase the conductivity of the carbon cloth electrode. The effects of variables such as sulfate concentration, pH value, current density and contact time were investigated. The standard method of turbidity assay using barium chloride was used to determine sulfate concentration. Based on the obtained results, mean and standard deviation were determined and data analysis was done by Student t-test. Results: The obtained results indicated that the optimum conditions for sulfate removal were pH 9, 100 mg/L initial sulfate concentration, current density of 20 mA/s2 during 90 min. 93.21%  efficiency was obtained for the sulfate removal. Increasing the current density, the contact time and initial pH value, the sulfate removal efficiency increased. Conclusions: The obtained results showed that the electrochemical process including sandwich panel of carbon cloth with stainless steel electrode is an efficient and effective process for removal of sulfate from aqueous solution which can be utilized continuously due to no corrosion of carbon cloth electrode. Key words: Sulfate, Carbon cloth, Electrochemistry, Sandwich panel, Stainless steel mesh   Funding: This study was funded by Tarbiat Modares University. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of  Tarbiat Modares University (IR.MODARES.REC.1397.236).     How to cite this article: Khoja F, Rezaee A. Electrochemical Sulfate Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Sandwich Panel Carbon Cloth Electrode with Steel Mesh: A Laboratory Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (4): 383-96. [Farsi] 4768 دندان پزشکی Correlation of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (ICON) and Orthodontic-Related Quality of Life in Male Students in Rafsanjan City in 2016: A Descriptive Study Abedi P. Nabavizadeh Rafsanjani A. Fijan S. Ansari P. Sanji M. Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Department of Orthodontics, Dentistry Faculty, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dentistry Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran Dentist, Kerman, Iran Dentist, Kerman, Iran 1 7 2020 19 4 397 408 16 05 2019 08 06 2020 Background and Objectives: One aspect of quality of life is its association with health promotion. Evaluation of the need for orthodontic treatment is of particular importance and ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need) is one of the indicators to evaluate this case. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the corelation between the orthodontic treatment need and orthodontic-related of quality of life among male students aged 16-18 years in Rafsanjan city. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 1077 students selected by multistage random sampling from Rafsanjan schools in 2016. The Orthognathic Quality of Life (OQOL) questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life of students. All students examined based on ICON elements and the results were registered on ICON form. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Quality of life mean and standard deviation was 25.58±10.91 and ICON mean and standard deviation was 32.34±13.55 which both had a significant inverse correlation (p<0.001, r=-0.24). Conclusion: The results show that different aspects of quality of life can affect the tendency to treat maxillofacial and orthodontic disorders among adolescents and orthodontic treatment has a significant effect on increasing self-esteem and thus on adolescents quality of life. Key words: Quality of life, Orthodontics, ICON, Rafsanjan Funding: This research was funded by Research Deputy of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of Interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (Ethics number: IR.RUMS.REC.1395.67)   How to cite this article: Abedi P, Nabavizadeh Rafsanjani A, Fijan S, Ansari P, Sanji M. Correlation of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (ICON) and Orthodontic-Related Quality of Life in Male Students in Rafsanjan City in 2016: A Descriptive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (4): 397-408. [Farsi] 4844 Psychiatry The Goals, Roles and Activities of the International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP): A Continuing Education Article Doost Mohammadi F. Rezaeian M. Yazd University of MedicalSciences Rafsanjan University of MedicalSciences 1 7 2020 19 4 409 422 02 07 2019 24 02 2020 The International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP) is a non-goverment organization dedicated to carry out scientific activities focusing on the prevention of suicidal behavior and universal efforts to achieve goals such as raising awareness of suicide behavior around the world, encouraging individuals to exchange experience, knowledge and skills around countries of the world for more effective suicide reduction efforts, promoting the idea of establishing national organizations to prevent suicide, promoting effective suicide prevention principles among professional groups and the general public, and promoting research programs, especially those that can be tracked through international cooperation. IASP was established since 1960 and more than 50 countries are members of this association. The purpose of this article is to outline the most important goals and activities of the IASP and to introduce the website of this community and how to subscribe to it, in order to help open up a new and dynamic way for researchers and those interested in suicide prevention. Key words: Suicide, Prevention, IASP   Funding: This study did not have any funds. Conflict of interest: None declared. Etical approval: None declared   How to cite this article: Doost Mohammadi F, Rezaeian M. The Goals, Roles and Activities of the International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP): A Continuing Education Article. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (4): 409-22. [Farsi] 5467 آموزش پزشکی Performance Report of Distance Learning at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences During the COVID-19 Pandemic Iranmanesh F. Ostadebrahimi H. Mirzazadeh A. Azin M. 1 7 2020 19 4 423 428 20 06 2020 20 07 2020 Background and Objectives: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has severely disrupted medical education. Distance learning is a way to reduce this problem. The Vice Chancellor for Education of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences has tried to implement distance education as much as possible by using a program that includes perspective, strategy and operational plan. With the implementation of empowerment courses, policy making, informing, providing the necessary tools and continuous monitoring of the program, 5075 educational activities have been registered on Navid's learning management system. But there are still issues that need to be addressed: activating simultaneous online learning, increasing educational interactions, and producing SCORM-(Sharable Content Object Reference Model) based educational content. Key words: Medical education, Distance learning, COVID-19   How to cite this article: Iranmanesh F, Ostadebrahimi H, Mirzazadeh A, Azin M. Performance Report of Distance Learning at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (4): 423-8. [Farsi]