Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences

  Comparison the Sensitivity of Microbial Agents Causing Urinary Tract Infections to Commonly Used Antibiotics in Kerman in the Years 1996 and 2000.

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  GR. Sepehri PhD^*1, Sh. Dabiri MD², MR. Vosoogh GP³

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  1-Associated Professor of Pharmacology, Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

  2- Professor of Pathology, Dept. of Pathology, University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

  3-General Practitioner, University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

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  Background : Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infectious diseases diagnosed in outpatients, as well as hospitalized patients, which show an increasing rate of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance of uropathogens in 1996 and 2000 in Kerman city.

  Material s and Methods: Urine sample of 300 patients in 1996 and 251 patients in 2000 which were referred to Kerman medical laboratories, were collected randomly and cultured and uropathogens were identified. Antibacterial sensitivity was tested against 8 antibacterials using disc-diffusion technique.

  Results : The prevalence of urinary infection was higher in women (85.7%). Escherichia coli (73.7% in 2000) was the most frequent pathogen isolated, followed by Enterobacter Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Staphylococcus, and Proteus spp. Among the E.coli isolates, only ciprofloxacin constitute reasonable therapeutic option for treatment of UTI in Kerman city (91.8% sensitive). High resistance rates to ampicillin (91.1%), co-trimoxazole (66.5%) and gentamicin (63.3%) were observed a gainst the E.coli. Against Klebsiella spp, infections, the only therapeutic option was ciprofloxacin (100% sensitivie). Klebsiella spp, showed high resistance rates to ampicillin (94.4%), gentamicin (68.4%) and nitrofurantoin (68.4%). Enterobacter isolates were completely sensitive to ciprofloxacin, but showed high resistance to gentamicin (73.5%) and co-trimoxazole (68.6%). The resistance of urinary infections agents to gentamin was found higher in the year 2000 compare to the year 1996.

  Conclusion: the results of this study showed that Ecoli was the most frequent uropathogen isolated in Kerman city which exhibit high resistance to most commonly used antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin was `the most reasonable therapeutic option for treatment of UTI. Also the resistance rate to commonly used antibiotics in the year 2000 was comparable to 1996, except for gentamicin which showed a significant increase in bacterial resistance.

  Key words: Urinary tract infection, Bacterial resistance, Antimicrobial agents, Kerman

  *Corresponding author Te l: (0341) 3221661-3 , Fax: (0341)2113034, Email : gsepehri@yahoo.com

  Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 2004, 3(4): 216-224

Background and Objective: Urinary incontinence is a physical disability that is associated with the social isolation and leads to anxiety, depression and low self-confidence. Due to the needs of women clinics to valid and reliable tools to diagnose urinary incontinence, this study was done with the aim of psychometric properties of the questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis of married women of Iran.

Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was done with the aim of assesseing the psychometric properties of the questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis of married women. In this study, first the questionnaire was translated from English to Persian by the forward-backward method. The Persian final version of the questionnaire was completed by the 150 women at the clinics in Qom city. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and test-retest were ussed to assess the scale’s reliability. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to assess construct validity.

Results: Exploratory factor analysis, suggested two factors that include stress incontinenceand urinary urgency each with three items. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test that was calculated 0.81, showed adequacy of the sample size which had an acceptable level and Bartlett's sphericity test was statistically significant (P<0.001). Fit statistics confirmatory factor analysis suggested that two-factor model provided the best fit to the data. Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficient was 0.89 and intra-class correlation 0.86.

Conclusion: Questionnaire of urinary incontinence in women is reliable and valid and we can use this tool in Iran.

Key words: Validity, Reliability, Urine incontinence, Women, Qom

Funding: This study did not have any funds.

Conflict of interest: None declared.

Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University approved the study.

How to cite this article: Mokhlesi S.S, Karimian N, Ebadi A,Khoshnejad F, Dabiri D. Psychometric Properties of the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis of Married Women of Qom city in 2015. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 15(10): 955-66. [Farsi]