Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences

  Background and Objectives : Acute and chronic stress induces hormonal and neuronal changes which affect both pain threshold and nociceptive behaviors. But the effect of acute and chronic immobilization stress on formalin induced nociceptive behaviors are unknown. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of acute and chronic immobilization stress formalin test on the male rat.

  Material and Methods: In this study, the formalin test (50 μL, 2%) was used to evaluate the effects of acute restraint stress on nociceptive responses. Animals (42) were initially submitted to one session of acute restraint stress (15, 30, 60 min) or chronic restraint stress (10 and 20 days, each day 30 min) and immediately submitted to the formalin injection in hind paw to evaluate nociceptive behaviors.

  Results: Acute 60 minutes exposure to restraint stress did not reduce the nociceptive behaviors by chemical stimulation (formalin 2%) of the rats, while 15 minutes exposure to restraint stress reduced formalin induced nociceptive behaviors in phase 2, and 30 minutes exposure to restraint stress reduced formalin induced nociceptive behaviors in phase 1, interphase and phase 2. Chronic restraint stress for 10 and 20 days (each day 30 min) did not increase the stress induced analgesia. These findings suggest that acute exposure to restraint for 30 minutes produce greater decrease in nociceptive behaviors than 15 and 60 minutes.

  Conclusion: Acute restraint stress can produce short-term and long-term SIA (Stress Induced Analgesia) for tonic pain. The short-term SIA is reflected as a decreasing in nociceptive behaviors during phase 1, whereas the long-term SIA is reflected as a decrease in nociceptive behaviors during phase 2.

  Key words: Formalin test, Restraint stress, Rat

  Funding: This research was funded by Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.

  Conflict of interest: None declared

  Ethical approved: The Ethics Committee of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences approved the study.

  How to cite this article : Heidari Oranjaghi N, Ghasemi E, Mahdipour H, Salehi B, Sofiabadi M, Erami E, Azhdari Zarmehri H . Effects of acute and chronic immobilization stress on formalin test in the male rat . J Rafsanjan Univ Med Scie 2012 11(4): 391-402. [Farsi]

Background and Objective: Insulin regulates many important processes in the central nervous system such as synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Experimental evidence suggest a link between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Insulin modulates the metabolism of beta-amyloid precursor protein in neurons, decreasing the intracellular accumulation of beta-amyloid. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intraventricular injection of Metformin on memory retention in streptozotocin (STZ) rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

Materials and Methods: A total of 56 male wistar rats (200-250 gr) were divided into 7 groups (n=8): Control, Sham, STZ, STZ +Salin, STZ +Metformin. For induction of AD, STZ (3 mg/kg, i.c.v, 10 μl each) were administered bilaterally into latral ventricles. Two weeks later all rats were trained in one trial step-through passive avoidance learning. Saline (5 ul) or Metformin (50,100,200ug/kg, 5 ul, i.c.v) were injected through the guide cannula immediately after training. Retention test was done two days later.

Results: Our results showed that post-training microinjection of Metformin into lateral ventricles improves memory retention in STZ rat model of AD in a dose dependent manner, so that the time spent in the light chamber before entering to the dark area in the STZ + Metformin (200ug/kg) group rats were significantly more than STZ group.

Conclusion:  The results indicated that Metformin is useful for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Key words: Alzheimer, Metformin, Intraventricular, Passive avoidance learning, Memory retention, Streptozotocin

Funding: This research was funded by Qazvine University of Medical Sciences.

Conflict of interest: None declared.

Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Qazvine University of Medical Scinces approved the study.

How to cite this article: Haghdost H, Esmaeili MH, Sofiabadi M, Rastak S, Heydari B, Charmchi Z, Ghasemi L. Effects of Metformin Microinjection into Lateral Ventricles on Memory Retention of Streptozotocin Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease.. J RafsanjanUniv Med Sci 2014 14(3): 222-211. [Farsi]