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Volume 1, Issue 4 (12-2002)
Differential Effects of The Right and Left Accumbens Nucleus InActivation on Retrieval of Memory in Rats
*A.A. Vafaei 1,Ph.D A. Rashidy-Pour 2,Ph.D M. Mantehgi 3,GP A. Jalal 4
A.A. Taherian5,MSc H. Miladi-Gorgi 5, MSc M. Jarrahi 5 MSc
1- Assistant professor, Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Semnan Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
2- Associate professor, Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Medical Sciences Semnan, Iran
3- General physician, Univ. of Semnan Medical Sciences Semnan, Iran
4- Medical Student, Univ. of Semnan Medical Sciences Semnan, Iran
5- Instructor, Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Semnan Medical Sciences Semnan, Iran
Background:Extensive evidences indicate that the two hemispheres of brain are differentially involved in emotional memory and Accumbens Nucleus (AN) is a key subcortical structure involved in emotional experiences. The present work investigated possible lateralization of AN involvement in passive avoidance learning (PAL).
Materials and Methods:Male Wistar rats were surgically implanted bilaterally with cannulae aimed at the AN were trained to Place avoidance learning by mild footshock. They received one trial PAT (1 milliam pere 3s) foot shock. Retention was tested 2, 4 and 6 days after the training. One hour before retention test bilateral or unilateral injections of Tetrodotoxin (5 ng/0.6ml in each) were used to temporarily inactivate the AN during retrieval of the passive avoidance task. Control rats were injected with the same volume of saline.
Results:The data indicated that bilateral or only right AN 2 and 4 days after training significantly impaired retrieval memory(p<0/01). But in activation of the left AN 6 days after training had no significant effect.
Conclusion:The results of this study suggest that the right and left AN has different contribution to the expression of memory and that the contribution of the right AN may be more important to the expression and retention of memory for the passive avoidance task.
Keywords: Tetrodotoxin, Accumbens Nucleus, Memory, Passive avoidance Learning, Inactivation Place avoidance learning (PAL), Retention memory, rats, Tetrodotoxin (TTX),
Corresponding author/tell: (231)3332080
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Health and Medical Sciences 2002 1(4):224-231
Volume 3, Issue 1 (12-2004)
The Role of Glucocorticoid’s System in Accumbens Nucleus on Learning and Memory Processes in Rat
AA. Vafaei PhD 1* , A. Jalal Medical Student 2 , A. Rashidy Pour PhD 3
1- Assistant Professor, Dept. of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
2- Medical Student, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
3- Associated Professor, Dept. of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
Background: Previous study indicated that glucocorticoid’s receptors (GRc) in accumbens nucleus (AN) probably are involved in modulation the processes of emotional memory storage. The aim of the present work was to determine the effect of agonist and antagonist of GRc on the modulation of memory processes (Acquisition, Consolidation and Retrieval) in AN of rat in Passive Avoidance Learning (PAL) model.
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out on 120 (12 groups) male Albino Wistar rats (220 – 250 g body weight). Two cannulae implanted bilaterally at the AN and after week the animals were trained in PAL. Corticosterone (1 µg/µl/side) as an agonist and RU38486 (3ng/µl/side) as an antagonist of GRc were injected bilaterally before, immediately after the training and before the retrieval test. Control rats received the same volume of Vehicle. Two days later, retention test was done and Step-through Latency to the dark chamber and total time that spend in light chamber in 10 minutes used as two criteria for measurement of memory.
Results: Results indicated that bilateraly injection of agonist and antagonist of GRc immediately after training enhanced and impaired the memory consolidation respectively (P<0.01). But injection these drugs before the training and before the retrieval test had not significant effects on emotional memory processes.
Conclusion: Findings of this experiment showed that glucocorticoid’s receptors in AN have important role in memory consolidation of new emotional data in PAL.
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Key words: Accumbens nucleus, Learning and memory, Corticosterone, RU38486, Rat
*Corresponding author, Tel: (0231) 3332080
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 2003, 3(1), 25-33
Volume 3, Issue 2 (6-2004)
The Effect of Sesame Oil Injection into CA1 Area of Hippocampus on Spatial Learning and Memory, and its Interaction with Sexual Steroids in Adult Male Rats
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R. Hovayda MSc1*, AA. Moazedi PhD2, A. Rasekh PhD3
1- MSc of Animal Physiology, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran
2- Associated Professor of Neurophysiology, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran
3- Assistant Professor of Statistic, Dept. of Statistic, Faculty of Sciences, Mathematic and Computer, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran.
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Background: Sesame oil is one of the vegetable oils that has been used in traditional medicine for ages. Evidences indicate that unsaturated fatty acids can modulate learning and memory. In this study the effect of intrahippocampal injection of sesame oil on spatial learning and memory in N-MARI intact and castrated adult male rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods: The animals were microcannulated, and divided into 3 intact and 3 castrated groups (n=7 in each group). The intact and castrated control groups (no injection), the castrated and intact saline sham and sesame oil. Test groups received bilaterally, 0.5 m l saline or sesame oil into the CA1 region of hippocampus every day for 5 days immediately before the training. Then each rat was trained 30 times every day, for a total of 5 days with Y-maze. After a month, all the groups were tested (one session) for memory test.
Results: Statistical analysis of data showed that sesame oil increases learning in both castrared and intact groups, but it did not change the spatial memory in intact animals. Also it did not prevent memory decline in castrated animals.
Conclusion: It seems that sesame oil increases learning task. On the other hand, it is probable that sesame oil has an interaction with sexual hormones to exert its enhancement effect on learning task .
Key words: Spatial Learning and Memory, Sesame oil, CA1 area of Hippocampus, Castrating�
* Corresponding author: Tel: (0311) 2653391
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services,2004, 3(2): 76-86
Volume 3, Issue 3 (6-2004)
The Effects of Caffeine on the Learning and Memory in Rats
AR. Vahidi PharmD1* , MH. Dasht i PhD2
1 - Academic Member, Dept. of Pharmacology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical sciences, Yazd, IRAN
2. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Physiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical sciences , Yazd, IRAN
Background: Caffeine as a methyl xanthine compound inhibits the breakdown of cyclic AMP, and causes an increase of the intracellular Ca+2 of different cells. It also may be involved in enhancement of learning and memory via this rout. In this study the effect of caffeine on learning and memory has been evaluated.
Materials and Methods: In this study the effects of different concentrations of caffeine (10, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg), on the learning and memory in male rats weighting 250-300 gr, were evaluated. The rats (30) were divided into 5 groups (4 test groups and 1 control group). The effects were assessed by using the one way active avoidance method. The test groups recieved different doses of caffeine in 3ml/kg normal saline (N.S), and the animals in the control group recived only N.S (3ml/kg) intraperitoneally, 30 minutes before each test.
Results: The data obtained from the test group was compared with the control group statistically. Our results indicated that caffeine affect on learning and memory dose depently. Using 10 mg/kg caffeine significantly increased the mean percentage of learning (p<0.05), and the doses of (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) significantly elevated the level of short term memory. Although in the case of the long term memory all doses of caffeine (10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) showed a significant difference between the test and the control groups, the result for 80 mg/kg dose was reversed.
Conclusion: Our results indicated that caffeine in low doses enhances the prosess of learning and memory but in higher doses it may suppress them.
Key words: Caffeine, Learning, Memory, Rat
*Corresponding author Tel: (0351)6224824, Fax: (0351)7249331, E-mail:arvahidi@yahoo.com
Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 2004, 3(3): 180-187
Volume 4, Issue 4 (12-2005)
Evaluation the Memory of the Major Depressed Patients' Hospitalized in the Psychiatry Department of Rafsanjan Moradi Teaching Hospital Before and after ECT in 2003
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E. Khaleghi MD [1] , M. Nazer MSc [2] , MR. Mirzabeigi MD [3] , AR. Sayyadi MSc [4] , B. Abdollahi BSc [5] ,
A. Shabanizadeh MSc [6]
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Background and Objective : Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatment methods for recovery of the major depressed patients. The most important concerning in the case of ECT is temporary or permanent memory loss. Many patients who have no satisfactory recovery after receiving ECT, claim they have memory dysfunction. The aim of this research was to evaluat memory of the patients hospitalized in psychiatry department of Rafsanjan Moradi teaching hospital before and after receiving ECT in 2003.
Materials and Methods : This cross sectional study was performed on 50 patients with major depression who received ECT at psychiatry department of Moradi hospital in six months. Memory status of each patient was evaluated by using Wechsler and Babkak memory tests before treatment, 24 hours after each ECT and one week after ending the treatment. The results presented in the form of diagrams and tables and to analyze the data wilcoxon sign rank test and paired t test were used for data analysis.
Results: After the first and the second ECTs, 18%-45% and 6%-15% of the patients showed short and long term memory dysfunction respectively. From the second ECT an increased short-term memory was observed, while long-term memory in the third and fourth ECT increased. From the fifth ECT there was no change in patients' memory. Relative frequency of long and short term memory dysfunction in the age group of 45 years old and above, married persons, low educated patients, farmers, house workers and the patients with previous history of depression was the highest. (p<0.05)
Conclusion: This study showed that after treating major depression by using ECT, the patients' memory was improved. However after the first and the second ECTs, some of the patients showed memory dysfunction. It can be concluded that ECT can be used as an effective way for treatment of depressed patients without risk of memory dysfunction.
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Key words: ECT, Memory, Major depression
�
[1] - Assistant Professor, Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan
[2] - Academic Member, Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan
[3] - Assistant Professor, Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan
(Corresponding author) Tell: (0391)5230080, Fax: (0391)5225800, E-mail: mmir2005@yahoo.com
[4] - Academic Member, Dept. of Nursing, University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan
[5] - Nursing, Dept. of Nursing, University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan
[6] - Academic Member, Dept. of Anatomy, Faculty of Nursing, University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan
Volume 7, Issue 3 (6-2008)
Interaction of Intrahippocampal Injection of Naltheroxone and Corticosterone on Consolidation and Retreival Memory Processes in Passive
Avoidance Task in Rat
AA. Vafaei [1] , A. Rashidy-Pour [2]
Received: 15/01/08 Sent for Revision: 01/07/08 Received Revised Manuscript: 15/09/08 Accepted: 20/10/08
Background and Objectives Previous studies suggested that the role of corticosterone on memory process probably is mediated by opiate system in Dorsal Hippocampus (DH). The aim of this study was to test whether there is any interaction between glucocorticoids and opiate system on memory consolidtaion and retrieval in passive avoidance learning task.
Material and Methods: In this experimental study 120 male Wistar rats (250–300 gr) surgically implanted bilaterally with cannulae aimed at the DH were trained in passive anoidnace learning (PAL) task. Two days after training, retention test was done. Naltoroxe (10 or 20 µ g/ul/ perside) were injected bilaterally into DH following immediately after training by IP injection of corticostrone (1 mg/kg) or 30 min before of IP injection of corticostrone (1 mg/kg) in retrieval test.
Results: The data indicated that injection of corticostrone immediatly after training of injected 30 min before of retrieval test enhanced and impaired memory consolidation and retrieval respectively (p<0.01) and these effects were blocked by injection of nalthroxone on DH (p<0.01).
Conclusion: The findings showed that the opioid receptors in hippocampus paly an important role in mediating the enhancing or impairing effects of corticosterone on memory consolidation and retrieval in passive avoidance task.
Key words: Hippocampus, Consolidation and Retrieval memory, Nalthroxone, Corticosterone, Rat
Funding: This research was funded by Semnan University of Medical Sciences .
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Semnan University of Medical Sciences approved the study.
[1] - Associated Prof., Dept. of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, University of Medical Sciences , Semnan, Iran
(Corresponding Author) Tel:(0231) 3332080, Fax: (0231) 3331551, E- mail: aavaf43@yahoo.com
[2] - Prof., Dept. of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
Volume 7, Issue 4 (12-2008)
The Ef fect of Microwave Radiation Emitted by Mobile Phones on Human Short Term Memory
S.M.J. Mortazavi [1] , M. Nazer [2] , A.R. Sayyadi 2 , H. Karimi [3]
Received: 15/08/07 Sent for Revision: 26/10/08 Received Revised Manuscript: 26/11/08 Accepted: 11/01/09
Background and Objectives : The widespread use of cell phones has made the researchers focus on its health effects. However, the biological effects of electromagnetic fields have not been clearly known.
Materials and Methods: This interventional study has been performed on 70 male students who were studying at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS) in 2006. Participants were divided into two groups. The First group which included 25 students whose immediate memories were tested by using Wechsler test. Ten minute real/sham exposure intervals to microwave radiations emitted from a mobile phone were performed at 0 h (sham), 24 h (real) and 48 h (sham) and the participants were tested using 5 Wechsler subsets immediately after each real/sham exposure. The second group included 45 males were exposed/ sham exposed to microwave radiation at 0 h (real), 24 h (sham). Data were statistically analyzed using student’s t-test.
Results: The means of memory scores in both groups were increased in the next day. This clearly shows the role of learning in these tests. No statistical relationship was found between exposure to the microwave radiation and memory scores.
Conclusion: Overall data could not show a significant effect of the mobile phone on short term memory. Repeating the memory tests after 24, 48 h clearly increased the scores in both groups. These findings confirm the role of learning in memory tests and lack of any link to cell phone use.
Key words: Mobile Phones, Microwave radiation, Neurologic Effects, Short Term Memory
Funding: This research was funded by the Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: All the authors are among editorial board or editorial staff of JRUMS.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences has approved the study.
[1] - Associate Professor of Medical Physics, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, The Center for Radiological Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
(Corresponding Author) Tel: (0391) 5235480, Fax: (0391) 5235480, E-mail: jamo23@lycos.com
[2] - Psychology Department, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
[3] - Medical Student, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Volume 8, Issue 2 (6-2009)
The Effect of Morphine Injection in Ca3 Area of Hippocampus on Spatial Learning and Memory in Male Rats
�
M. Hosseinzade [1] , I. Pouraboli [2] , M. Abasnejad [3]
�
Received: 03/09/07 Sent for Revision:11/12/07 Received Revised Manuscript: 03/03/09 Accepted: 12/05/09
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Background and Objectives: Learning is change of behavior based on experience, and memory is recalling the past events consciously or unconsciously. Learning and memory are of the higher functions in the brain that involve many regions in the central nervous system. Permanent synaptic morphological changes specially in hippocampus, are the basis of learning and memory that can be influence by many factors. In this study the effect of morphine injected in CA3 of hippocampus on spatial learning and memory in male rats was investigated.
Material and Methods: In this experimental study�48�male�rats were anaesthetized and cannula implanted bilaterally in CA3 area of hippocampus(AP = 3.5 from bregma, LA = ±3.8, DV = 2.7 from dura) using stereotaxic method. After recovery period (one week), rats were divided into six groups, including: control (only cannulated), Sham (received saline) and four other groups that received doses of 1, 5, 10 or 25 milligram of morphine in 1μl solation through cannula during 5 days. Each day, 30 minutes after injection, their spatial learning and memory in morris water maze were evaluated. Throughout the experiments, animals were treated according to the suggested international ethical guidelines for the care of laboratory animals.
Results: Results showed that 5, 10 and 25 milligram cause of morphine can delay in time and distance toward the hidden platform in four days. However, in fifth day all doses of morphine caused animals to spend fewer time and distance in trigger region.
Conclusion: This study indicates that morphine injection in CA3 of hippocampus caused impairment on spatial learning and memory.
Key words: Learning, Spatial memory, Morphine, Hippocampus, Morris Water Maze
Funding: This research was funded by Kerman University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences approved the study.
[1] - Master Sciences of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Shaheed Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
[2] - Assistant Prof. Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shaheed Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
(Corresponding Author) Tel: (0341) 3222032, Fax: (0341) 3222032, E-mail: pouraboli_i@mail.uk. ac.ir
[3] - Associate Prof., Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shaheed Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Volume 14, Issue 3 (6-2015)
Background
and Objective: Insulin
regulates many important processes in the central nervous system such as
synaptic plasticity, learning and memory.
Experimental evidence suggest a link between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s
disease (AD). Insulin modulates the metabolism of beta-amyloid precursor
protein in neurons, decreasing the intracellular accumulation of beta-amyloid.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intraventricular
injection of Metformin on memory retention in streptozotocin (STZ) rat model of
Alzheimer's disease.
Materials
and Methods: A
total of 56 male wistar rats (200-250 gr) were divided into 7 groups (n=8): Control,
Sham, STZ, STZ +Salin, STZ +Metformin. For induction of AD, STZ (3 mg/kg,
i.c.v, 10 μl each) were
administered bilaterally into latral ventricles. Two weeks later all
rats were trained in one trial step-through passive avoidance learning. Saline (5 ul) or Metformin (50,100,200ug/kg,
5 ul, i.c.v) were injected
through the guide cannula immediately after training. Retention test was
done two days later.
Results: Our results showed that
post-training microinjection of Metformin into lateral ventricles improves
memory retention in STZ rat model of AD in a dose dependent manner, so that the time spent in the light chamber
before entering to the
dark area in the STZ + Metformin
(200ug/kg) group rats were
significantly more than STZ group.
Conclusion: The results indicated that Metformin is useful
for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Key
words: Alzheimer,
Metformin, Intraventricular, Passive avoidance learning, Memory retention,
Streptozotocin
Funding: This research was funded by
Qazvine University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict
of interest: None
declared.
Ethical
approval: The
Ethics Committee of Qazvine University of Medical Scinces approved the study.
How
to cite this article: Haghdost
H, Esmaeili MH, Sofiabadi M, Rastak S, Heydari B, Charmchi Z, Ghasemi L.
Effects of Metformin Microinjection into Lateral Ventricles on Memory Retention
of Streptozotocin Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease.. J RafsanjanUniv Med Sci 2014
14(3):
222-211. [Farsi]
Volume 16, Issue 1 (4-2017)
Background and Objective: Neuropsychological dysfunction is one of the basic factors in the severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression disorders. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the neuropsychological dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia disorders, depression disorder and normal individuals.
Materials and Methods: Current study was a descriptive study that the statistical population included all male patients with schizophrenia and depression in Isar and Fatemi hospital of Ardabil city in 2016 (N=65). The sample consisted of 30 schizophrenic patients and 30 depressed patients that were sampled by census method and were compared with 30 normal objects. Data was collected using Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-R), Go/ No go Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD).
Results: The results showed that neuropsychological dysfunctions such as memory, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility in schizophrenic patients were less than depressed patients (p<0.05), and in depressed ones less than normal people (p<0.05).
Conclusion: These results showed that neuropsychological dysfunctions play an important role in the pathology of schizophrenia and depression disorders and can be important therapeutic targets in the treatment and rehabilitation.
Key words: Neuropsychological Dysfunction, Memory Function, Response Inhibition, Cognitive flexibility, Ardabil
Funding: There was no fund for this article. This article did not have any Funds.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili approved the study...
How to cite this article: Atadokht A, Majdy N, Hajloo N, Abolghasemi A. Comparison of Neuropsychological Dysfunctions in Male Patients with Schizophrenia Disorder, Major Depression Disorder and Normal Individuals in Ardabil City in 2016. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(1): 31-46. [Farsi]
Volume 16, Issue 3 (6-2017)
Background and Objective: Prospective memory performance is vital in everyday life. And considering the relationship between cognitive activity and cardiac parameters, this study aimed to evaluate heart waves and the time-based prospective memory performance and was conducted among university students of Kurdistan in 2015-2016.
Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive study that its statistical population included all university students of Kurdistan in the 2015-2016 school year. To obtain a prototype, at first a number of university students of Kurdistan through convenience sampling and calling were given some necessary information in relation to attending the research and reseach purposes andconduction method; among them 70 students who wish to participate in the study were evaluated. According to the study, after analysis of the results, results of 50 students (22 with strong time-based prospective memory performance and 28 with poor time-based prospective memory performance) were selected and studied. Time-based prospective memory computer tools and ProComp 2 Biofeedback System device to record the heart waves were used. The obtained data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance.
Results: The results showed significant differences between the two groups with strong and poor time-based prospective memory scores in heart waves in the band (BVP IBI std. Dev. (SDRR)) that in fact, measures heart rate variability at the level of (p<0.05) This means that individuals with strong time-based prospective memory have a higher heart rate variability than those with poor time-based prospective memory.
Conclusion: These findings show that attention to the results of heart rate variability during cognitive tasks can possibly show qualitative differences in cognitive function between individuals. So the results indicate a two-way communication between heart and brain function.
Key words: Time-based prospective memory, Heart waves, Heart rate variability, Students, Kurdistan
Funding: This article did not have any funds.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of University of Kurdistan approved the study.
How to cite this article: Mosalman M, Sohrabi A. Heart Waves and Time-Based Prospective Memory Performance in University Students of Kurdistan in 2015-2016. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(3): 239-56. [Farsi]
Volume 16, Issue 6 (10-2017)
Background and Objective: Ferulic acid is a polyphenolic compound derived from some fruit and different cereals. Previous studies have shown that this compound has antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and differentiation properties in the nervous system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ferulic acid on the death of oligodendrocytes and demyelination in male C57B6 / J mice in cuprizone induced animal model of multiple sclerosis.
Material and methods: In this study, demyelination was induced by oral administration of rats with the 0.2% cuprizone that was added to the usual diet during 6 weeks. Animals were fed daily with ferulic acid at doses of 10or 100 mg / kg of body weight. At the end of the sixth week, the passive avoidance and Y maze test were performed. Then, animal brains were removed and fixed to histological studies using Luxol–Fast-Blue staining
Results: The results of this study showed that ferulic acid reduced the random entry of animals into the arms of the Y maze in compared to the cuprizone treated group [p<0.01], but the sequential entry of animals into the Y maze were significantly increased [P<0.05]. A significant improvement in passive avoidance test was observed in the groups treated with ferulic acid at dose of 10 [p<0.05]. Histological evaluations showed the lower demyelination in Luxol-Fast-Blue in the group treated with ferulic acid.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that ferulic acid plays a neuroprotective role in cuprizone models of multiple sclerosis through reducing neuronal demyelination and oligodendrocytes death.
Key words: Ferulic acid, Demyelination, Memory, Cuprizone, Mice
Funding: This research was funded by Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethical Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences approved the study.
How to cite this article: Ghobadi M, Arji roodsari B, Yadegari M, Homayouni-Moghadam F, Rezvani M.E. The Effect of Ferulic Acid on Cognitive Disorder And Brain Structural Deficit in Mice in Cuprizone Induced Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(6): 541-52. [Farsi]
Volume 16, Issue 9 (1-2018)
Background and Objectives: So far the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training on learning and memory has remained unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training on hippocampal corticosterone levels and passive avoidance memory in male rats.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were placed into 5 groups (n=8): high intensity interval resistance training (HIRT), high intensity interval running training (HIIT), continuous running training (CT), sham (SH) ,and control (C). Experimental groups were under training for 4 weeks and 5 days per week. Memory function was evaluated by using passive avoidance test on two separate times before and 24 hours after foot shock. 24 hours after memory test, blood samples were obtained from the subjects. Hippocampal corticosterone levels were measured by ELISA method. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA was used.
Results: The results showed that memory function improved significantly in the training groups compared with the SH and C groups (p<0.05). Also memory function in the HIRT group was significantly higher than the HIIT group (p=0.023). Hippocampal corticosterone levels in the training groups was significantly lower compared with the SH and C groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings showed that high intensity interval training can improve the hippocampus-dependent memory function and also reduce hippocampal corticosterone levels. Further research can help to better understand the effects of high intensity interval exercises on brain function.
Key words: High-intensity interval training, High intensity interval resistance training, Passive avoidance memory, Corticostrone, Rat
Funding: This study did not have any funds.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of University of Isfahan approved the study (EEC/609/86).
How to cite this article: Abdolmaleki A, Samavati Sharif MA, Alaei H. The Effect of High Intensity Interval Training on Passive Avoidance Memory and Hippocampal Corticosterone Levels in Male Rats. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2017; 16(9): 835-44. [Farsi]
(Corresponding Author) Tel:,Fax:,Email:
[2]- Associate Professor, Dept. of Exercise Physiology ,School of Exercise Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedam, Iran
[3]- Prof., Dept. of Physiology ,School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Volume 17, Issue 4 (7-2018)
Background and Objectives: Studies have indicated that sleep is essential for the development and survival of the brain and increases the brain's capacity for cognitive functions, and sleep loss disrupts cognitive performance. The present review study aimed to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on learning and memory with an emphasis on the role of sex hormones.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate this topic, the articles were searched for in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus Database, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The words used while searching were “sleep deprivation, sleep, learning and memory, sex hormones, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive functions” that finally, ninety one references on these topics were reviewed.
Results: Researches have shown that sleep deprivation can disrupt learning and memory long-term potentiation (LTP), gene expression, and the rate of proteins in the hippocampus that are important in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. Studies have shown that cognitive performances such as memory and learning and also different aspects of sleep, including quality and pattern, are different in sexes. A Change in sleep pattern is often associated with hormonal factors, especially sex hormones.
Conclusion: Therefore, sex hormones affect the structure of the brain, behavior, learning, and memory in both sexes. The loss of hormonal function is associated with sleep disorders, and reduces learning and memory, especially in female subjects. It can be concluded that ovarian hormones might play a protective role against the deterioration in learning and memory in women with sleep loss.
Key words: Sleep, Sleep deprivation, Learning and memory, Cognitive functions, Sex hormones
Funding: This research hasn’t been funded.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
How to cite this article: Saadati H, Sheibani V, Refahi S, Mashhadi Z. A Review of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Learning and Memory: the Role of Sex Hormones. Univ Med Sci 2018; 17 (4): 359-76. [Farsi]
Volume 18, Issue 1 (4-2019)
Background and Objectives: Prospective memory refers to the ability of remembering some special tasks in the future. Prospective memory performance is very crucial for daily life. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine brain waves and prospective memory performance among Kurdistan university students in 2015-2016.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, the statistical population included all Kurdistan University students in 2015-2016 (Humanities and Social Sciences, Foreign Languages and Literature, Basic Sciences and Agriculture faculties). First some students were selected through convenience sampling and among them 70 ones, who desired to participate in the study, were evaluated. According to computerized Time-Based Prospective Memory performance score, the participants were divided to two groups: high performance group (N:22) and low performance group (N:33). Brain waves was recorded with ProComp 2 device. Data were analyzed with Multivariate analysis of variance.
Results The results showed that individuals with high prospective memory score had higher amount of alpha waves compared to individual with low prospective memory (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicated the differences between individuals with high and low score of Time-Based Prospective Memory performance. So evaluating brain waves of old people or people with memory complaints can probably lead to facilitating memory problems diagnosis and providing the ground for immediate interventions..
Key words: Memory, Prospective, Time-based, Brain waves, Students, Kurdistan
Funding: This research was funded by University of Kurdistan, Iran.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical [j1] approval: The Ethics Committee of University of Kurdistan approved the study.
How to cite this article: Mosalman M, Sohrabi A, Dadjoo M. Survey of Brain Waves and Time-Based Prospective Memory Performance in University Students of Kurdistan in 2015-2016: A Descriptive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2019; 18 (1): 71-86. [Farsi]
Volume 19, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Background and Objectives: Chronic morphine use leads to structural changes in the brain. Some studies have shown the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as a main polyphenol of green tea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EGCG on working memory in morphine-treated rats.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 experimental groups (8 rats in each group): 1- control; 2- Morphine group (the animals received 40 mg/kg morphine for 4 weeks, once a day, s.c.); 3 and 4- Morphine + EGCG, the animals received morphine (40 mg/kg, 4 weeks, once a day, s.c.) and EGCG (5 and 50 mg/kg, once a day, i.p.). To evaluate the working memory, Y-maze spontaneous alternation was used. To measure the level of TNF-α protein expression in brain hippocampus tissue, the western blot test was used. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for data analysis.
Results: Intraperitoneal morphine injection resulted in working memory deficits and increased TNF-α protein expression levels compared to the control group (p<0.001). Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg EGCG in morphine treated rats significantly improved working memory (p<0.01) and decreased TNF-α protein expression level (p<0.05) compared to solely morphine treated group.
Conclusion: EGCG improved morphine induced working memory deficits in rats.
Key words: Morphine, EGCG, Working memory, Rat
Funding: This research was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IR.RUMS.REC.1396.210).
How to cite this article: Saffar S, Fatemi I, Rahmani M R, Hassanshahi J, Pak-Hashemi M, Kaeidi A. The Effect of Epigallocatechin gallate on Morphine Induced Working Memory Defects in Rats: An Experimental Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (2): 115-24. [Farsi]
Volume 19, Issue 8 (11-2020)
Background and Objectives: Tooth extraction is one of the ways to treat dental diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different molar tooth extraction patterns on short-term and middle-term memory in rats.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 45 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (C) without pulling, pulling group 1 (E1) by pulling bilateral maxillary molars, and pulling group 2 (E2) by pulling the left maxillary and right mandibular molars. The Maurice Watermase test was performed to assess spatial memory. Tukey’s test was used to analyze the data.
Results: In short-term memory tests, the number of visits to the target area was significantly lower in group E1 than in group C (p=0.003). In group E2, the time spent in the target area and the distance traveled in the target area was longer than group E1.
Conclusion: This study explained that the molar teeth extraction may impair the memory ability.
Keywords: Molar tooth extraction, Short term memory, Middle-term memory, Rat
Funding: This research was funded by Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IR.ATU.REC.98000078(.
How to cite this article: Pourgholamali N, Shojaeepour S, Shojaeipour R, Jahanimoghadam F. Effect of Different Patterns of Molar Teeth Extraction on Memory in Rats: A Short Report. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (8): 899-906. [Farsi]
Volume 19, Issue 9 (12-2020)
Background and Objectives: Taking morphine can cause damage to the hippocampus. Oleuropein has a protective effect on brain neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oleuropein on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression level in hippocampal tissue and memory defect induced by morphine in rats.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were used. The animals were divided into five groups (n=8) including control/saline group (receiving saline intraperitoneally for four weeks), morphine group (receiving 40 mg/kg morphine daily subcutaneously for four weeks) and morphine + Oleuropein groups (receiving doses of 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg oleuropein + morphine by intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks). At the end, the animals’ working memory was evaluated using the Y-maze behavior measurement test. The hippocampal BDNF protein expression level was measured using the ELISA method. One-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s post-test was used to analyze the data.
Results: Intraperitoneal injection of oleuropein at a dose of 30 mg/kg in the rats receiving morphine significantly improved the memory function (p<0.01) and increased the BDNF protein expression level (p<0.05) compared to the morphine treated groups.
Conclusion: Oleuropein may increase the BDNF protein expression level in the hippocampal tissue and improves the memory defect induced by morphine in rats.
Key words: Morphine, Oleuropein, Working memory, Y-maze test, BDNF protein
Funding: This research was funded by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IR.RUMS.REC.1395.103).
How to cite this article: Hassanshahi J, Rahmani M R, Shibani F, Kaeidi A. The Oleuropein Effect on Neurotrophic Factor Expression Level in Hippocampal Tissue and Memory Defect Induced by Morphine in Male Rats: An Experimental Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020; 19 (9): 969-78. [Farsi]
Volume 21, Issue 6 (9-2022)
Background and Objectives: Academic performance and factors affecting it as one of the central and fundamental variables in education have always been the focus of researchers and psychologists. The aim of the current research was to determine the mediating role of self-concept in the relationship between executive functions and working memory capacity and the academic performance of the first-year students of Semiram High School.
Materials and Methods: The present study is descriptive. The investigated sample was 272 first-year female students of Semiram high school in 2020-2021, who were selected using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Research participants completed the Barkly Adolescent Executive Function Deficit Scale, the Wechsler Working Memory Test, the Pham and Taylor Academic Performance Questionnaire, and the Yesen Chen Academic Self-Concept Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient test, multivariate regression, and path analysis.
Results: The average scores of executive functions, academic performance, self-concept, and working memory were 63.31, 181.29, 47.2, and 9.45, respectively, with a standard deviation of 6.71, 4.61, 3.89, and 34.4. The results showed that self-concept has a mediating role in the relationship between executive functions and working memory capacity and the academic performance of the first- year students of Semiram High School. Also, the results showed that self-concept, executive functions, and working memory can predict academic performance (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Considering the mediating role of self-concept in relation to executive functions and working memory capacity, it is suggested to be used to improve students' academic performance.
Key words: Self-concept, Executive functions, Working memory, Academic performance, Student
Funding: This study did not have any funds.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University of Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch approved the study (IR.IAU.KHUISF.REC.1401.003).
How to cite this article: Taee Mahshid, Zare Neyestanak Mohammad. The Mediating Role of Self-Concept in the Relationship between Executive Functions and Working Memory Capacity and Academic Performance of First-Year High School Girl Students: A Descriptive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2022; 21 (06): 593-608. [Farsi]
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